백제에서의 장군호 수용과 막부제 = Baekje’s embracement of the Jang-gun title, and the Makbu institution

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Makbu institution(幕府制) was shared by many countries in East Asia, as Chinese dynasties’ title of a General[將軍] became universal, and generated the authority to open a Bu unit[開府權]. Yet each country in East Asia embraced it in different manners. In this article, a closer look into this Chinese institution is attempted in order to enhance our own understanding of Makbu’s functions and roles. The difference between the concept of a Jang-gun and the ‘title’ of a Jang-gun, as well as the meaning and function of both Jang-gun and its adjutant in Baekje, are examined in particular. Meanwhile, also analyzed is the meaning behind the connection between Jang-gun titles and the royalty(kings), which would shed some light upon the concept and political meaning of King’s Makbu.
In Chinese dynasties, Jang-gun initially was a mere temporary title. Later, Jang-gun as an official seat for a military officer, and the ‘Jang-gun’ title which was an indicator of one’s status, started to diverge from each other. The latter was essentially a reflection of one’s social status and political rank[官階], but it also retained the meaning of justifying one’s possession of a private army. The custom of having such title was shared by many adjacent countries.
The Baekje king received a high-ranking Jang-gun title from Chinese dynasties, and seems to have been authorized to establish his own Bu units[開府權]. Scholars believe that, based upon such authority, the kings would have also named officials to be posted at such Bu units, but at the same time the unit itself would have been run in a Baekje-specific manner. The Jang-gun title of Baekje, as in many other foreign examples, was also a rank and status indicator. It was a system that was regulated by the king and king alone, and worked as a supplementary system for the existing ranking system[官等]. The Baekje adjutants were usually named among Chinese people who came to Baekje as part of the Chinese delegation, whose function was first and foremost diplomatic.
In Baekje, the Jang-gun title combined with the royalty system(Wang · Hu System) provided the kings with an authority and military power to subdue resistance against the government’s official taxation. It was another way of controlling the local factions. Low ranking Jang-gun titles were offered to local factions so that they could agree to honor the central’s authority. Chinese adjutants named inside Baekje served as cronies of the king with little to offer on their own. They were made part of the Kings’ Makbu, but later, since the reign of king Dongseong-wang, 12 offices of Naedu(內頭) and Naegwan(內官) replaced them. The adjutant system was run differently from its Chinese counterpart, and shows us the unique nature of Baekje institutions.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 머리말
• 1. 중국왕조에서 장군의 변천과 장군호
• 2. 백제에서의 막부제 수용 양상
• 3. 백제의 군사제도와 막부제
• 맺음말
• 참고문헌
• 〈Abstract〉

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