渤海의 對日本外交 硏究

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to investigate broad picture of foreign policy of Palhae(渤海) toward the Japan by analyzing the background of interaction and its evolution based on the assumption that the 34 times interaction with Japan promoted the growth of Palhae.
The foreign policy of Palhae toward the Japan had been evolved closely connected with dynamics of domestic politics of Palhae and Japan. Also it was related with power structure with Shilla and Tang. Thus, the policy toward Japan reflected these variable relationships. Based on this characteristic, we can analyze the relationship with Japan in terms of three aspects. First, there was a period of military from King Mu(武王) to the time of vanishing of the plan to invade Shilla(新羅侵攻計劃), in which the relationship with Shilla and Tang was in trouble. Second, we can name the peorid from 762 to 770 as a period of initial trade transaction based on the fact of the problem of term to tribute(聘期問題) and Palhae Kaekwon(渤海客院) in King Kang(康王) period. Also, the reigens from King Sun(宣王) to King Tae Hyun-sok(大玄錫) can be regarded as a post trade transaction period since the structure of mission was effectively organized and also the relationship among East Asia countries was based on the trade. Finally, the characteristic of the King Tae Kun-hwang(大虔晃) and Tae Hyun-sok(大玄錫) period is the period of the pan as well as trade. This categorization of period need to be analyzed more deeply based on the relation with Tang. However, I think this caterization of period has no problem since it is based on the growth of Palhae. Therefore, I will summarize the content of this thesis from the following section.
Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 is for the military relationships. I look upon the formation of relationship with Japan in chapter l. In fact, the relation with Japan was first established in reigens King Mu(武王) since there was a military and diplomatic pressure from Shilla and Tang. In other word, Palhae tried hard to establish the foreign relationship with Japan in order to check the power of Tang and Shilla when Tang supported Heuksoo Malgal(黑水靺鞨).
This relationship with Japan was promoted when Palhae helped envoy of Japan to come back to his country after the visit Tang. From there on, Palhae and Japan cooperate each other to check the power of Shilla that expanded its power over the Southern area. The important thing to mention here is that the relationship with Japan was initiated by Palhae. However, the problem was the attitude change of Japan in order to have the stable relationship. The significance of this relationship is, however, the formation of relationship with Japan from which Palhae can establish the foreign relationship firmly with Japan.
In chaper 2, I analyzed the relationship based on the fact that Palhae and Japan agreed to attack to Shilla. In fact, it is a controversial issue in term of that who raised the problem first. However, I think, Palhae took the positive role with regard to this problem when Japan asked first after Palhae conqured the Malgal and Yoodong.
With this effort, Tang admitted Palhae as an independent country and treated same with Shilla. This kind of international environment evolution makes Shilla to postpone his arrangement to attack Shilla because Palhae achieved it reformulation of international structure by not attacking the Shilla.
Next, I analyzed the foreign economic relation of Palhae in chapter 3, 4 and 5, After abandoning the plan of attacking Shilla, the purpose of Palhae changed toward to economic one. In chapter 3, I focused on the problem of term to tribute and establishment of the Palhae Kaekwon. King Kang had an interest in the procedure of relation with Japan such as number of envoy and problem of term to tribute after he restored the stable relationship with Japan. As a result of his effort, Palhae sustain the relationship with Japan based on the one-year term not by the 6-year term which was raised from Japan. This is meaningful since it provided the stable relationship with Japan. As a result of this, the Palhae Kaekwon be established in Nugtugguk(能登國).
In chapter 4. I investigated the evolution of attitude toward Japan in line with the expansion of Palhae, Another time of prosperity of "Flourishing Land in the East"(海東盛國), King Sun extended its diplomatic negotiation with Japan 5 times during the 13years. Also, he send literay men to Japan, and this reflected his interest in this field. The thing we need to focus in this period is that Palhae started to take the positive role in establishing the economic relation with Japan. This can be traced to the fact that Tungwon So-sa(藤原緖嗣), the japanese bureaucrat, reexamined the relationship with Palhae. because he worried that the relation with Palhae might cause the damage to the Japan's economies after he recognized Palhae's envoy as a merchant. The fact that Tungwon So-sa misunderstood the Palhae’s envoy as a merchant tells us that the effort of Palhae’s envoy was concentrated in economic trade, In other words, as the power of Palhae grows, Palhae tried to prmote the trade rather than else. In fact, the fact that Japan prohibit his noblety and citizen to trade with Palhae proves that the activity of trade with Palhae in Japan took a large part of Japan's economic activity.
In chapter 5, I analyzed the evolving Palhae’s foreign economic policy in terms of the activity of Chang Po-go(張寶高). King Tae I-jin(大彛震) payed his lots of effeort to check the relationship between Chang Po-go group and Tang and Japan. After the 828, Palhae tried to consolidate the relationship with Tang when Chang Po-go’s activity of trade was powerful. Thus, the fact whether the power Chang Po-go in the sea is strong or weak implies the possibility of alteration of foreign policy in Palhae. In the same line,
Palhae delivered the Jungtae-sung Chup(中臺省牒) to Japan in order to stabilize the foreign relationship with Japan in 841. The structure of relationship that was established during this period sustained for a long time and this suggests that the relationship with Japan was based on the economic trade.
Finally, I talked about a cultural foreign policy of Palhae in chapter 6. Usually, cultural foreign policy is based on the domestic political and economic stability and sustained by economic foreign policy. We can see this characteristic of cultural foreign policy of Palhae at the end of this dynasty. Since King Tae Kun-hwang period, Palhae expanded its trade to Nunguguk(能登國), Kahaguk(加賀國), Chulwooguk(出羽國), Baekkiguk(伯耆國) by establishing a Palhae Kaekwon. Moreover, Japan had great interest. in envoy of Palhae who was usually literary man in this period. For example, these literay man such as Chu Won-paek(周元伯), Wang Mun-ku(王文矩), Pae Jung(배정) and Pae Ku(배구) produced a lot of poetry in Japan by competing with Japanes literary man. As I mentioned above, Palhae opened a new foreign policy era by sending a literary man as an envoy.
However, the foreign policy of Palhae had heen changed in 10c since there had been a systematic change of international environment.. The policy in the era of King Tae In-sun(대인선) reflects a current political problems. Especially, Palhae send Pae Ku to Japan as a representative in order to design a concrete strategy based on his excellent ability of literary composition.
Since 9c Japan was the primary partner for Palhae in order to check the power of other countries. Thus, I think that the characterisic of foreign policy of Palhae at the end of its dynasty is the big portion of military policy, which is little different with the reaigns of King Tae Kun-hwang and Tae Hyun-sok.
Until now, I examined political and economic meaning of foreign policy toward Japan in the Palhae dynasty. However, this research leaves some controversial issue in terms of understanding the Palhae’s reign policy toward Japan. First of all, I think that we need a further research regarding the Palhae’s reign policy toward Shilla and Tang. This is because the esearch of foreign policy have to be examined in the context of broad power structure of East Asia in this period since foreign policy is closely connected with the structure of its neighboring countries. Moreover, we need researches about domestic politics of Palhae to find factors of what leads to the relation with Japan. These above necessary research should be examined for the deep understanding of relationship with Japan of Palhae.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 목차
• 序論 = 1
• 1. 연구목적 = 1
• 2. 기존의 연구성과와 검토할 내용 = 3
• 제1장 對日本外交의 成立過程 = 15
• 1. 武王代 對日本外交의 開始 = 17
• 2. 文王代 對日本外交의 展開 = 32
• 제2장 渤海의 軍事外交와 日本 = 45
• 1. 渤海의 '新羅侵攻計劃'과 日本 = 46
• 2. 對日本外交의 性格變化 = 59
• 제3장 聘期論議와 渤海客院의 設置 = 71
• 1. 康王代 對外關系의 變化 = 72
• 2. 渤海와 日本의 聘期論議 = 80
• 3. 渤海客院의 設置와 그 意味 = 87
• 제4장 渤海의 使臣과 經濟外交 = 95
• 1. 海東盛國의 成立과 文物交流의 擴大 = 96
• 2. 使臣의 外交活動과 對日本外交 = 106
• 제5장 張寶高集團의 貿易活動과 渤海 = 116
• 1. 張寶高集團의 貿易活動과 渤海의 對外政策 = 117
• 2. 咸和 11年 中臺省牒에 반영된 渤海의 對日本外交 = 129
• 제6장 對日本外交의 종식과 東아시아 = 140
• 1. 渤海客院의 增設과 聘期再論 = 142
• 2. 交易綱의 擴大와 文化外交의 指向 = 148
• 3. 대인선대의 對日本外交와 國際 序의 變化 = 157
• 結論 = 163
• 參考文獻 = 168
• 英文抄錄 = 181