理念體系(Ideology)論 小考 = A Study on Ideologies
저자
韓點洙 (경북대학교 )
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1981
작성언어
Korean
KDC
104.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
31-46(16쪽)
제공처
소장기관
We have the need and ability to respond innovatively to our environment. For our survival and well-being in a hostile natural environment, we require material satisfactions and social fellowship, security and self-respect in a world that is reasonably orderly and predictable. To satisfy these requirements, we have sought to understand, organize, and control our physical and societal worlds.
We have, in brief, created ideas, inventions, and institutions to live conveniently. Whenever we see 'the thing as itself' in the nature or society, we try to make the image from the object correctly. But then we would find the differences from everymans images. They would come from the differences of the time, the space and the observer's cognition, especially from the way of cognition and from the observer's identity. And then we would get the consciousness about the thing as itself. It would mold a view point to direct our behavior. It would be an ideology.
One of the most controversial concepts in the history of social thought has been the concept of ideology. Some scholars have emphasized the epistemological aspects of ideology, others its sociological components, and still ofhers its psychological or cultural features.At the outset it is necessary to distinguish between ideology as concept and ideology as political doctrine The earlist approach to ideology is epistemological ones, and its chief exponents were the French Ideologues of the latter part of the eighteenth century, mainly Etinne Bonnet de Condillace,Pirre J.G. Cabanis. Antoine Louis Claude Destutt de Trcy and Claude Adrien Helvetius. One of the earlist uses of the term "ideology" was in Destutt de Tracy's E'le´mens d'ide´ology, 4 Vols.
Sociological approaches was reached in the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who viewed ideology as a system of false ideas, a statement of class position, and a justification for class rule. Ideologies are secondary and unreal, since they are part of the "superstructure" and as such a reflection of the more fundamental material economic "base".
Marx and Engels attached a derogatory connotation to ldeology, since they viewed all ideological thought as the dishonest use of reasoning, as the conscious or unconscious distortion of facts on order to justify the position of the ruling class. Ideology represents, in Engels memorable phrase, "false consciousness". Marx and Engels, by basing ideas on the socioeconomic system, raised an issue that, at the hand of Karl Mannheim, came to be known as the hand of Karl Mannheim, came to be known as the "sociology of knowledge"; the study of social bases, conditions, and distortions of ideas. Manheim's approach differed from Marx's in important respects, Influenced by Max Weber, Mannheim abandoned Marx's primarily class approach and based ideology on the total social structure, particularly political parties.
The psychological theories see ideology primarily as a means of managing personal strain and anxiety, whether socially or psychologically induced. Among the most important of the psychological theories are those of Sigmund Freud, and of Francis X. Sutton and colleagues.
Ideology is an emotion-laden, myth-satured, action-related system of beliefs and values about man and society, legitimacy and authority, acquired as a matter of routine and habitual reinforcement. The myths and values of ideology are communicated through symbols in simplified, economical, and efficient manner. Ideological beliefs are more or less coherent, more less articulate, more less open to new evidence and information, Ideologies have a high potential for mass mobilization, manipulation, and control; in that sense, they are mobilized belief systems.
The ideology of Soviet Communism is that of the party which seized power in the former Russian Empire, a party with monolithic authority and influnce which reaches beyond the borders of the Soviet Union and imposes on several European countries. While Lenin was alive, the ideology of Soviet communism flowed chiefly from his new articles, his speeches, and his books. Lenin's Marxism, already adapted to specifically Russian conditions, takes on an original character by underscoring certain disputable or challenged ideas, or by accentuating in any case, nonessential ones borrowed form Marx and Engels.
Stalin first formulated the Leninist creed (after Lenin's burial), then the first catechism, 'principles of Leninism' and the articles of faith, 'Question on Leninism? Subsequenty, having decreed that Leninism was "the Marxism of the age of imperialism", Stalin deemed it necessary to establish a link with Karl Marx. The expression "Marxism-Leninism" was adopted to stand for the body of Stalin's judgements and aphorism; it is known outside the Soviet Union as "Stalinism". The ideology of Marxism-Leninism, that is to say, Stalinism, reflects the mass of empirical measures decreed by Stalin in order to maintain and perpetuate himself in power as long as possible. Stalin's Marxist-Leninst ideology assumed the contrary of the thesis of Marx and Lenin in Stalin's claim that socialism could be attained in one country, more exactly, Russia. Such is the ideology of Soviet communism, an ideology which does no more than make one aware of the realities it conceals.
We can find, in this paper, the characterstics and functions. And then, we would observe the Marxists' ideologies, and the Soviet Communist's ideology, that is Russian Marxists' ideology. At last, we speculate on the best ways to critique their ideologies. We find that there are many problems to resolve. We must find the best way to study the way to critique the ideology.
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