국제연맹 시대 자결의 국제법적 함의 - 한반도 독립운동에 대한 자결의 함의를 중심으로 - = Implications of International Law regarding Self-determination in the Era of the League of Nations

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Because the right to self-determination developed in earnest following the establishment of the United Nations, researchers have not actively examined the topic in earlier periods. Nevertheless, efforts to clarify how people conceived of self-determination during the era of the League of Nations can elucidate issues that currently confront the international community. Moreover, notions of self-determination during that period are directly related to history of the Korean peninsula, which was then under Japanese colonial rule and became the site of a self-determination-based independence movement that was a subject of active discussion in the international community. The close ties between this topic and both Korea’s identity and contemporary Korea-Japan relations thus highlight the need for more active research regarding self-determination in the era of the League of Nations.
To understand the concept of self-determination during the era of the League of Nations, this study investigated how self-determination was reflected in the Covenant of the League of Nations. Although the League of Nations did not explicitly define the term “self-determination”, it was adopted as the fundamental principle of the mandate system under Article 22 of the League of Nations. Since minority populations were main subjects of self-determination for the League of Nations, the topic was discussed as national self-determination and explicitly stipulated in some treaties. Applying this conception of self-determination, during the era of the League of Nations, interested parties discussed national self-determination from two perspectives. First of all, in the League of Nations, national self-determination was discussed as the right of a nation to establish a state. Nations could exercise this right through referendums, as occurred in the Aaland Islands, the Eupen Malmédy, and the Saar Basin. However, minorities themselves could not claim the right to self-determination : existing countries, other countries involved in the future of a given region, or the League of Nations itself had to invoke their right to self-determination. On the one hand, Lithuania also claimed independence on the basis of its right to self-determination. Secondly, interested parties discussed national self-determination as a principle of minority protection within the framework of the nations to which minorities belonged within the League of Nations. These principles of ethnic minority protection were embodied in various treaties and declarations.
This study also applied examined how the League of Nations-era conception of self-determination was applied on Korean peninsula, which was then under Japanese colonial rule. Independence activists on the Korean Peninsula adopted the concept of self- determination to inform the world of the legitimacy of Korea’s independence under international law. Accordingly, this study reexamines the meaning of Korean independence activists petition to the mandate system and the establishment of a provisional government of the Republic of Korea.
Commentators on contemporary international law generally hold that self-determination did not exist as a legal principle in the era of the League of Nations. However, self-determination was clearly an important criterion for the establishment of states and its legal status was firmly established as a principle of protection for ethnic minorities at the time of the League of Nations.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

자결권은 국제연합 창설 이후 본격적으로 발전하였기에, 국제연맹 시대 자결의 개념에 관한 연구가 활발하지 못했던 측면이 있다. 그러나 국제연맹 시대 자결의 개념을 밝힌다 면, 현재 국제사회가 직면한 자결권 관련 쟁점을 명확히 이해하는데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 아울러 국제연맹 당시 일제강점 아래에 있었던 한반도는 당시 국제사회에서 활발히 논의 되었던 자결을 근거로 독립운동을 진행하였기에, 이 문제는 우리나라의 정체성과 직결되 어 있으며, 현행 한일관계와도 직ㆍ간접적으로 관련이 있다.
이 연구는 국제연맹 시대 자결의 개념을 규명하고자 당시 보편적인 다자조약이었던 국제연맹규약에 자결의 개념이 어떻게 반영되었는지 살펴보고, 이외 자결을 규정한 조약, 국가실행, 국제연맹의 논의를 검토하였다. 그 결과, 국제연맹규약상 자결이라는 용어가 명시적으로 규정된 것은 아니지만, 위임통치제도를 규정하고 있는 국제연맹규약 제22조의 근간이 되는 원칙으로 적용되었으며, 상설국제사법재판소는 자결권을 지지하는 권리로서 청원권을 인정하였음을 알 수 있었다. 국제연맹 시대 자결의 주체는 주로 민족이었기에 당시 자결은 민족자결로 논의되었으며, 이 용어를 규정한 조약도 있었다. 조약상 자결의 개념을 근거로 국제연맹 시대 민족자결은 두 가지 측면에서 논의되었다. 먼저, 국제연맹에 서 민족자결은 국가를 창설할 수 있는 소수민족의 권리로 논의되었다. 이러한 권리는 국민 투표를 통해서 실현될 수 있다고 보았고, 이는 올란드 제도, 유펜-말메디 지역, 자르 분지 사례에서 잘 나타난다. 다만, 이들 소수민족 스스로 자결권을 주장한 것이 아니라, 기존 국가, 이 지역의 미래와 관련된 다른 국가, 또는 국제연맹이 이들의 자결권을 주장했다는 점에서 한계가 있었다. 그러나 스스로 자결권을 근거로 독립을 주장했던 리투아니아의 사례도 있었다. 다음으로, 국제연맹에서 민족자결은 민족이 속한 국가의 틀 내에서 소수민 족 보호 원칙으로 논의되었다. 이러한 소수민족 보호 원칙은 여러 조약과 선언에서 구현되 었다.
이 연구는 국제연맹 시대 자결의 개념을 당시 일제 강점 아래에 있었던 한반도의 독립 운동에 적용하였다. 한반도의 독립운동가들은 국제법상 독립의 정당성을 전 세계에 알리 기 위해 자결의 개념을 원용하였다. 이에 한반도 독립운동가들의 위임통치 청원과 대한민 국 임시정부 창설의 의미를 재검토하였다.
현행 국제법에서는 국제연맹 시대 자결이 법원칙이 아니었다는 견해가 일반적이다. 그 러나 국제연맹 시대의 기존 국가 내 소수민족 보호 원칙으로서 자결은 그 법적 지위가 확고했던 것으로 판단되며, 소수민족의 미래를 결정할 때 매우 중요한 기준이었다.

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