마그니츠키법과 인권의 초국경적 강행 = Magnitsky Law and Transnational Human Rights Enforcement

국문 초록 (Abstract)

2012년 미국은 억울하게 옥사한 러시아 내부고발자 세르게이 마그니츠키의 이름을 딴 ‘세르게이 마그니츠키 법의 지배 책임법’을 제정하여 그의 죽음에 연루된 러시아 공직자 개인들을 제재하였다. 2016년 미국은 이 법을 확대하여 ‘글로벌 마그니츠키 인권책임법’ 을 제정함으로써, 인권탄압 및 부패 행위 발생지 및 행위자의 국적 등을 불문하고 심각한 인권침해 행위를 한 개인은 누구든지 표적형 제재의 대상으로 삼을 수 있게 되었다. 미국 내 자산동결, 금융시스템 사용 금지 및 비자발급 금지의 방식으로 시행되는 마그니츠키 인권제재의 실제적 효과는 매우 주목할 만하며, 마그니츠키법은 미국 정부의 인권 및 반부 패 정책 실행을 위한 핵심적 수단이 되어가고 있다. 그동안 국제적 인권 강행은 유엔 및 여러 인권조약 가입국들을 중심으로 한 국가중심적 운영체제를 기반하여 이루어져 왔다. 국가중심적 인권 강행은 세계 곳곳의 수많은 인권탄압 행위자들로 하여금 국가주권이라는 장벽 뒤에 숨어 ‘불처벌’의 단맛을 향유할 수 있게 하였다. 미국으로부터 시작되어 EU, 영국, 캐나다 등 다른 국가들로 확산 되고 있는 마그니츠키 인권 제재 체제는 인권탄압에 책임 있는 개인을 표적으로 함으로써 기존의 국가중심적 인권 강행 체계를 근본부터 흔들 어 놓고 있다. 마그니츠키 체제 하에서 국가들은 타국을 제재 대상으로 삼았을 때 발생하 는 국가간 양자관계 상의 부담으로부터 해방되어 보다 신속하고 정확하게 책임있는 개인 에 대한 표적형 제재를 가할 수 있게 되었다. 마그니츠키 인권제재 체제는 국제적 인권 고양의 진정한 게임 체인저가 되어가고 있으며, 그 빠른 국제적 확산 추세는 관련 전문가 들로 하여금 향후 민주주의와 인권을 중시하는 전세계 모든 국가들이 참여하는 ‘보편적 마그니츠키법’의 제정까지도 전망하게 하고 있다. 마그니츠키법 및 그 국제적 확산 현상은 뉴헤이븐 학파가 주장하는 초국경법 및 ‘초국경적 법적 과정’의 대표적 실례가 될 수 있는 가능성을 보이고 있는 것이다. 하지만, 유엔안보리 및 EU에서의 표적형 제재 실행 관련 경험은 ‘적법절차’의 정신에 입각한 마그니츠키 제재 대상 개인 및 법인의 이의 제기 절차 확립이 향후 마그니츠키법의 법적 정당성 및 국제적 신뢰성 제고를 위해 중요함을 말해주고 있다.

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