북한이탈 청소년의 소비생활 정착과정: 근거이론적 접근 = North Korean Youth Defectors` Adjustment Process as Consumers: A Grounded Theory Approach

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was designed to understand the adjustment process by North Korean youth defectors to South Korean society as consumers. Specifically, the study intended to identify the positive and negative consumer experience, self-adaptation process, and the coping responses of young defectors as well as the contextual and intervening conditions surrounding them. For this purpose, seventeen young defectors were recruited and interviewed in-depth. The data were analyzed using the grounded theory method, which was developed by Strauss and Corbin, following the three steps of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. By using the grounded theory method, this research put priority in understanding, exploring, and describing young North Korean defectors’ experiences as consumers in the socio-cultural context and the adjustment process into South Korean society. A total of 122 concepts, 26 subcategories, and 10 categories was produced by open coding and a paradigm model was generated by the result of axial coding. The core phenomenon observed in the adjustment process of young North Korean defectors as consumers was “consumer powerlessness.” A causal condition was found to be “entry into South Korea with high expectation.” And, the contextual conditions were “level of living in North Korea” and “economic activities experience.” Action/interaction strategies were comprised of “problem-focused coping” and “emotionfocused coping.” Problem-focused coping involved learning, planning expenditure, earning income, increasing human capital investment, seeking social network, and displaying passive behavior. Emotion-focused coping included confrontation, faith, avoidance, and positive reappraisal. As for intervening conditions, “support network” and “identity” were identified. Consequences of the adjustment process were found to be “being prepared to be a member of consumer society” and “losing one’s way in confusion.” Participants were found to have the feeling of powerlessness in performing their consumer roles as resource acquisitor, purchaser, and distributor. Their powerlessness is related to their state of material deficiency, ineptness with market transactions, and their lack of financial and consumer knowledge and skills. Most of the young North Koreans risked their lives to defect from North Korea in search for food or a better life and entered South Korea with high expectations. But, the reality was found to be very different from what they had imagined, and they felt a big disappointment and powerlessness. Those who were relatively better off in North Korea tended to feel an even bigger despair, however those who had experienced some sort of developed market transactions in other countries tended to confront their reality more easily. Participants attempted to cope with the stressful situations through problem-focused coping such as learning, spending less and saving more, earning income, increasing their human capital investment, seeking social network, and displaying passive behavior. They strived to learn consumer culture of South Korea in a variety of ways. Managing their income and expenditure was an active way for the participants to prepare for a stable life and cope with the insecurity of the future. They often worked part time to earn immediate money or otherwise prepared for college to get a solid job in the future. They also made cognitive efforts to reduce or manage emotional distress by using emotion-focused coping strategies. Although the young North Korean consumers experienced despair after realizing how deceiving their dreams were about South Korea, as time passed, they came to revaluate their lives in a more positive way, which could ensure their leap into the future. Family and social network as well as self and social identity played an essential role in the adjustment process of the participants by motivating them to choose effective coping strategies and become a capable consumer in South Korea. Young North Korean defectors went through confusing and discouraging experiences, grasped how they should live as consumers in South Korea, rediscovered the meaning of life in a new society, and were eventually able to adapt as consumers who think ahead. As a result of integrated data interpretation, the core category in the adjustment process of North Korean youth defectors as consumers in South Korea was identified to be “facing a reality different from what was expected and having the capability to overcome it on one’s own.” Adaptation to a new society would inevitably lead to stress, but the level of stress depends on various factors that are suggested in this study.

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