Servants of nature : a history of scientific institutions, enterprises, and sensibilities

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• PREFACE = xiii
• LIST OF PLATES = xv
• INTRODUCTION Science and Its Past = 1
• The discipline of history of science = 5
• Inspiration and method = 10
• The end of science = 15
• PART Ⅰ INSTITUTIONS
• 1 Teaching : Before the Scientific Revolution = 25
• The Mediterranean world = 27
• Eastern cultures = 33
• Islam = 39
• The Middle Ages = 42
• 2 Teaching : From the Time of the Scientific Revolution = 48
• The Scientific Revolution = 49
• The rise of the German university = 53
• The German research university in context = 57
• Universities elsewhere = 64
• 3 Sharing : Early Scientific Societies = 74
• Engines of the Scientific Revolution = 77
• The rise of the scientific correspondent = 88
• Eighteenth-century expansion = 90
• Nineteenth-century consolidation = 95
• The emergence of specialized societies = 97
• 4 Watching : Observatories in the Middle East, China, Europe and America = 101
• The Islamic observatory = 103
• Chinese astronomy = 109
• Innovation in instruments = 113
• Time and prediction = 117
• Astronomy and related disciplines = 118
• 5 Showing : Museums = 125
• The development of modern museums = 126
• The British Museum and the 'new museum idea' = 131
• Museums in Europe and the United States = 133
• Colonial museums = 135
• Colonial and metropolitan museums : some comparisons = 138
• Descriptions of colonial museums = 141
• Museums in Canada, South America, and Australasia = 143
• 6 Growing : Botanical Gardens and Zoos = 150
• The development of botanical gardens = 151
• Kew Gardens = 160
• The evolution of zooloqical gardens = 163
• The rise of public zoos = 169
• PART Ⅱ ENTERPRISES
• 7 Measuring : The Search for Precision = 175
• Measurement in antiquity = 178
• Syncretism and measuring instruments = 181
• Newtonian measurement = 183
• Timepieces = 187
• Standardization = 190
• The ideology of precision = 192
• Measurement and industrial progress = 194
• Absolute measurement and error analysis = 196
• The transformation of mechanical precision = 198
• O1d programme, new effects = 200
• Philosophy and practice = 202
• Precision regnant = 204
• Precision and the human spirit = 208
• 8 Reading : Books and the Spread of Ideas = 211
• From script to print = 211
• Facilitating the birth of modern science = 215
• The rise of the scientific journal = 217
• New forms for new audiences = 226
• Showing science : the art of illustration = 229
• 9 Travelling : Discovery, Maps and Scientific Expeditions = 236
• Who discovered whom ? = 237
• Travellers in antiquity = 238
• Maps = 240
• Progression of people and ideas in the Malay Archipelago = 242
• European expansion = 243
• A century of wonders = 246
• The new encyclopaedia = 248
• Classifying nature = 251
• The scientific expeditions = 254
• 10 Counting : Statistics = 264
• The odds = 265
• Precision and numbers = 270
• Surveying and statistics = 272
• Terrestrial means = 274
• Statistics physical and social = 276
• Doctrine of certainty = 277
• Twentieth-century uncertainty = 278
• Average lives = 282
• The popular triumph of averages = 284
• 11 Killing : Science and the Military = 288
• Gunpowder = 289
• The vocabulary of military science = 292
• French military builders = 296
• Naval stars = 299
• The star chart = 300
• Military 1nappers = 305
• Military weathermen = 309
• Applications and prestige = 311
• PART Ⅲ SENSIBILITIES
• 12 Participating : Beyond Scientific Societies = 319
• The rise of literary and philosophical societies = 321
• Associations for the advancement of science = 322
• The common scientist = 325
• Scientific clubs for everyone = 328
• The overseas extension of European models = 330
• Women in science = 335
• The example of Madame du Ch$$\hat a$$telet = 342
• Women elsewhere = 344
• 13 Appropriating : Science in Nations Beyond Europe = 350
• Colonial scientific societies = 350
• Early colonial universities = 355
• Independent universities = 358
• The research university in the United States = 361
• Scientific migration = 363
• Australasia = 366
• Scientist missionaries in South America = 368
• Science at American universities = 373
• Science at Japanese universities = 374
• British India and Dutch Indonesia = 376
• 14 Believing : Science and Religion = 381
• Science in the Counter-Reformation = 382
• The Merton thesis = 386
• The Webster thesis : millenarianism and science = 390
• The Enlightenment = 392
• Deism = 396
• Natural theology = 397
• The argument against Darwinian evolution = 400
• Twentieth-century developments = 404
• 15 Knowing : Progressing and Proclaiming = 407
• Magic and science = 408
• Baconianism = 410
• Encyclopaedism = 414
• Materialism = 418
• Positivism = 419
• The polemical positivism of Auguste Comte = 421
• The eclipse of positivism = 423
• 16 Knowing : Relativizing = 424
• The century of relativity = 425
• Mach and Einstein = 429
• The reception of Einstein's thought = 433
• Eclecticism and hope = 436
• NOTES = 441
• FURTHER READING = 453
• PICTURE CREDITS = 478
• INDEX = 479