Steel imports : staff study, December 19, 1967

목차 (Table of Contents)

• CONTENTS
• Glossary = XV
• Explanations of steelmaking processes = XVII
• Introduction = XXI
• Summary of conclusions = XXIII
• Summary of factual findings = XXV
• Chapter Ⅰ The world steel industry : Past, present, and prospects = 1
• Steel's role in the emergence of U.S. industrial supremacy = 1
• World production trends = 8
• World steel export trends = 10
• World steel import trends = 13
• World steel consumption = 14
• Chapter Ⅱ World excess capacity = 17
• Capacity estimates = 17
• Size of plants and companies = 21
• A note on production costs of foreign steel producers = 23
• Unused capacity exerts pressure to export = 25
• The basic issue : World steel surplus capacity = 27
• Chapter Ⅲ Aggravating policies of governments = 31
• Foreign aid increases world overcapacity = 31
• Government ownership and control of free world steel producers = 32
• Government assistance to foreign steel producers = 34
• Tax rebates = 34
• Subsidies and other forms of assistance, including measures not directly related to exports = 38
• Low-interest loans = 40
• Corporate tax rates, depreciation allowances, and investment incentives abroad = 40
• Tariff and non tariff trade barriers = 47
• Steel cartels = 58
• Chapter Ⅳ Steel trade in the U.S. balance of payments = 63
• Steel mill products and other steel products trade = 66
• Indirect(end-use) trade = 68
• Steelmaking raw materials trade = 71
• Steel and the U.S. balance of payments = 79
• Technical note : Prices and research as factors in U.S. export performance = 81
• Technical note : A comparison of steel imports by major customs areas to growth rates of steel output in the respective districts = 84
• Technical note : Is overvaluation of the dollarresponsible for the net steel imports? = 87
• Chapter Ⅴ The importance of the steel industry in the U.S. economy = 89
• Steel as the major raw material of the U.S. industrial economy = 89
• Definition of the steel industry = 90
• Comparison of steel industry trends to other major industries, 1947-66 : sales, employment, payroll, profits, Federal income taxes, cash dividends, total assets, capital expenditures, value added by manufacture = 91
• Market appraisal of investment in U.S. steel industry = 102
• Cause of relative decline of steel demand, 1955-63 = 103
• The battle of the materials = 109
• Chapter Ⅵ Steel price trends : United States and world = 119
• Chapter Ⅶ Differentials between delivered price for domestic and imported steel mill products = 129
• Chapter Ⅷ The financial status and policies of the U.S. steel industry, 1946-66 = 133
• Chapter Ⅸ The financial status and policies of the foreign steel industries = 143
• Chapter Ⅹ The impact of labor contract negotiations and steel inventory swings on steel imports = 149
• Chapter XI Trends of labor and capital productivity in the U.S. steel industry, 1947-66 = 159
• Chapter XII International comparisons of steel industry labor costs = 177
• Chapter XIII The major foreign steel producers = 185
• The Japanese steel industry : The Risen Sun = 185
• The steel industry of the ECSC(Common Market) = 193
• Steel industry in the United Kingdom = 207
• The steel industry of the Communist bloc = 213
• Chapter XIV Role of U.S. coal exports to foreign steel industries in U.S. foreign trade = 217
• Chapter XV Role of scrap in U.S. balance of trade = 227
• Chapter XVI Specialty steels(tool and stainless) = 231
• Chapter XVII Arguments for and against protection = 241
• APPENDICES
• Appendix A to chapter Ⅰ = 253
• Appendix B to chapter Ⅱ = 273
• Prospects for steel demand = 287
• Appendix C to chapter Ⅲ = 299
• Tariff reduction under the Kennedy round = 309
• Steel cartels = 327
• Appendix D to chapter Ⅳ = 335
• Appendix E to chapter Ⅴ = 345
• Appendix F to chapter Ⅵ = 357
• Appendix G to chapter Ⅶ = 363
• Addendum : Ocean freight for iron and steel products = 414
• Appendix H to chapter Ⅷ = 419
• Appendix I to chapter Ⅸ = 429
• Appendix J to chapter Ⅹ = 461
• Appendix K to chapter XI = 465
• Appendix L to chapter XII = 485
• Appendix M to chapter XIII = 487
• Appendix N to chapter XIV = 495
• Appendix O to chapter XVI = 503
• Appendix P to chapter XVII = 511
• Appendix Q An approach to the study of steel imports through computer simulation = 519
• CHARTS AND TABLES
• Steel ingot production and capacity since 1900 = 2
• World iron ore reserves = 4
• Steel ingot production - Specific areas = 6
• World steel production - Major areas = 7
• World output of iron ore and coal, 1965 versus 1936-38 = 7
• World steel production = 8
• U.S. and world raw steel production = 9
• World exports of steel products with United States shown separately = 12
• Steel exports from major exporting countries = 12
• Steel imports to major importing areas = 14
• U.S. steel industry raw steel capacity estimates = 18
• Steel capacity, production, and capacity utilization = 19
• Total production of raw steel versus basic oxygen furnace production in the United States, 1955-66 = 20
• Raw steel production by process used in 1966 = 20
• Shipments of steel products = 21
• Number of works of various sizes = 22
• Percent of national capacity in works of various sizes = 22
• Number of companies of various sizes = 23
• Percent of national capacity in companies of various sizes = 23
• Average cost at mill and delivered price to U.S. customer for a ton of carbon steel products = 24
• Steel exports as percentages of raw steel production = 25
• World capacity, 1965 and estimated 1970 = 27
• World excess capacity :
• Including United States and Red bloc = 27
• Excluding United States and Red bloc = 28
• U.S. Government and international agency financial assistance to foreign steel industries = 32
• Direct corporate taxes as a percent of GNP in selected industrial countries, 1965 = 38
• Steel sector tariffs = 48
• Domestic and export prices for bars in units of local currency per metric ton = 59
• Domestic and export prices for heavy plates in units of local currency per metric ton = 60
• U.S. exports and imports of steel products = 63
• Steel trade of the United States = 64
• U.S. total exports and imports of steel products = 65
• Share of steel trade in total U.S. merchandise trade = 65
• Value of direct steel imports and exports and their effect on U.S. balance of payments = 67
• AID expenditures for iron and steel mill products, fiscal years ending June 30, 1963, through 1966 = 68
• Value of direct and indirect(end-use) steel imports and exports and their effect on U.S. balance of payments = 69
• Value of U.S. foreign trade in end-use items containing steel, 1957-66 = 70
• Gross tonnage launched annually from 1955 to 1964 and various ship-building countries = 71
• Value of imports and exports of steel products, steel content in end-use items, and steelmaking raw materials, 1963-66, and their effect on the U.S. balance of payments = 72
• Steel exports from the United States, Western Europe, and Japan to major world destinations ; 1957, 1961, and 1966 = 73
• Imports of steel sheets, 1961-66, hot and cold rolled = 74
• Western Europe - Industrial production, steel output, and steel trade with the United States = 75, 76
• Percentage distribution of steel imports by country of origin, 1957-66 = 76
• Exports and imports of steel mill products, 1955-66 = 76
• Market penetration of imported steel mill products, 1957-66 = 77
• U.S. imports of steel mill products, 1957-66 = 78
• Average value per ton of U.S. exports and imports of steel mill products = 78
• U.S. imports of steel mill products, 1958-67, by quarter = 79
• U.S. balance of payments, 1966 = 80
• Export performance in manufactures, 1961-66, percentage change = 82
• Relationship between exports and R. & D = 83
• R. & D. expenditures = 84
• U.S. imports of steel by major customs areas, 1956, 1962, and 1965 = 85
• Steel ingot production = 86
• Overvaluation of the dollar in terms of currencies of steel exporting countries, 1957-65 = 88
• Primary iron and steel industry related to all manufacturing industries, 1947 and 1965 = 91, 92
• Comparison of iron and steel industry with other industries :
• Sales = 93
• Profits after taxes = 94
• Federal income taxes = 95
• Cash dividends = 96
• Total assets = 97
• Capital expenditures = 98
• Value added by manufacture = 99
• Total employment = 100
• Total payroll = 101
• U.S. apparent steel consumption, population and GNP = 104
• U.S. steel consumption and GNP per capita = 104
• Shipments of steel mill products :
• Related to durable goods production = 105
• Trend relative to durable goods production = 105
• National income originating in the iron and steel industry as a percent of national income originating in total manufacturing and all industries = 106
• Steel consumption per motor vehicle, 1955-66 = 108
• Prices of steel and competitive materials = 111
• Output of and steel shipments to major steel consuming industries, 1955-65 = 112
• Percent changes in output, steel, and competitive materials = 113
• How polymer use has grown = 115, 116
• Comparison of steel ingot production with production of major competing materials = 117
• U.S. industry versus ECSC export prices, 1955-66 = 121
• Continental European export prices-composite = 122
• Trend of French export prices of selected steel products, 1958-65 = 123
• Composite price : Steel mill products = 125
• Hot rolled carbon steel sheets :
• Differential above import price = 130
• Import price differential as percent of. domestic price = 131
• Distribution of delivered price percent differentials, domestic versus imported for major steel mill products = 132
• Financing capital expenditures = 136
• Summary of table H-3 = 136
• Summary of table H-5 = 137
• Steel industry versus other leading manufacturing industries :
• Net profit as percent of net worth, 1946-66 = 139
• Net profit as percent of sales, 1946-66 = 139
• Projection of increases in depreciation charges resulting from assumed additional annual investment in plant and equipment of $2 billion = 141
• Current assets as a percent of current liabilities = 145
• Profits after taxes as a percent of total assets = 146
• Total debt as a percent of total assets = 147
• General steel strikes = 150
• Imports and basic labor agreements, centered 3-month moving average of steel mill product imports = 151
• Steel inventories at manufacturing consumers' plants and basic labor agreements = 154
• Cyclical swings of steel output = 157
• Raw steel production and employment in the steel industry, 1947-66 = 162
• U.S. steel industry :
• Indexes of steel output, steel output per all employee man-hours and steel output per production worker man-hour, 1947-66 = 162
• Unit labor cost = 163
• Total employment cost per hour, wage employees, 1946-66 = 164
• U.S. steel industry : Wholesale price indexes of finished steel mill product and unit labor costs = 165
• U.S. total manufacturing versus steel industry output, total compensation per man-hour, output per man-hour, and unit labor costs, 1947-66 = 166
• U.S. steel industry :
• Changing composition of iron ore burden, coke, and flux used in the blast furnace per ton of hot metal produced, 1946-66 = 169
• Hot metal production per blast-furnace day, 1946-66 = 170
• BOF production, 1955-66 = 170
• Capital-output ratio of U.S. steel industry, 1947-66 = 171
• U.S. steel industry : Value added and fixed plant and equipment in current and constant dollars = 172
• Summary - Capital-output ratio, all manufacturing industries = 173
• Capital-output ratio of U.S. manufacturing firms, 1947-66 = 1
• U.S. manufacturing firms and U.S. steel industry capital-output ratios, 1947-66 = 175
• U.S. steel industry : Dollars of fixed assets required per employee, 1947-66 = 175
• Comparison of hourly employment costs = 178
• Wage Earners : Disparity between hourly employment costs in steel industry in United States vs. selected foreign countries = 179
• Average hourly labor cost and years required to reach the U.S. level if 1960-64 rates of change continue, selected countries = 180
• Indexes of productivity and unit labor cost in six countries, 1955-65 = 181,
• Comparison of finished steel output per man-hour in selected countries = 183
• Location of integrated steel works = 186
• Investment as percent of GNP, average 1955-64 = 186
• Additional output obtained per $100 of investment, average 1955-64 = 186
• Yearly percentage changes in Japanese wages and productivity = 187
• Steel capaeity, production, and consumption in Japan = 191
• ECSC :
• Crude steel production, capacity and operating rate, 1956-65, and estimated to 1969 = 195
• Actual production and production potential of crude steel by production process = 196
• The capital expenditure in the iron and steel industry = 197
• Average annual rate of development in the crude steel sector, by production process = 198
• Production potential by country, steel, total = 198
• Trend of apparent consumption, 1956-65 = 198
• Significance of exports of semifinished and finished steel products, 1955-65 = 201
• U.S. imports／exports of :
• Steel mill products from／to ECSC, 1956-65 = 202
• Hot rolled sheets from／to ECSC, 1956-65 = 202
• Cold rolled sheets from／to ECSC, 1956-65 = 203
• Foreign trade, between West Germany and the United States, 1960-66 = 204
• The steel industry in the mid-1970's = 208
• Fourteen major steel companies - Capital employed, profits and return on capital employed = 209
• Labor productivity in the United Kingdom steel industry, 1950-66 = 211
• Direct labor costs per unit of output, 1955-66 = 211
• Index of raw material costs per ton of steel, 1955-66 = 212
• U. S. S. R. raw steel production = 213
• Number of times 1980 output will exceed 1960 level = 213
• Population projections, centrally planned countries = 214
• Annual percentage change in gross national product, centrally planned countries = 214
• Steel consumption projections, centrally planned countries = 214
• Average annual percentage change in projected steel consumption, centrally planned countries = 215
• Steel consumption per capita projections, centrally planned countries = 215
• Bituminous coal, prices and principal cost components = 220
• Steel scrap dollars per ton, Pittsburgh ; quarterly average, monthly average = 230
• Stainless steel cold rolled sheets = 234
• High speed tool steel bars = 235
• Steel production since 1900, world total and United States = 253
• Raw steel production by major producing countries, selected years, 1910-66 = 254
• Steel ingot production, specific areas = 255
• World steel production, major areas = 255
• World raw steel production by major economic blocs, selected years, 1930-66 = 255
• Compilation of reports of world raw steel production, 1930-66 = 256
• Steel exports - World total and United States, selected years, 1913-66 = 262
• World steel exports = 262
• World steel exports by :
• Exporting regions, selected years, 1929-65 = 263
• Major exporting countries, selected years, 1929-65 = 264
• Steel imports - World total and United States, selected years, 1913-66 = 265
• World steel imports by major importing economic blocs, selected years, 1929-65 = 265
• World steel imports by importing regions, selected years, 1929-65 = 266
• Steel trade interpenetration among major producing areas = 267
• Apparent steel consumption - World total and United States, selected years, 1913-66 = 268
• World apparent steel consumption by major economic blocs, selected years, 1929-65 = 268
• Apparent steel consumption by regions, selected years, 1929-65 = 269
• Significant relationships by :
• Major economic blocs, selected years, 1937-65 = 269
• Regions, selected years, 1937-65 = 270
• Steel capacity, production, and capacity utilization, United States, 1961-67 = 273
• World basic oxygen furnace installations of over 3 million net tons annual capacity = 274
• World LD(BOF) steel plants = 276
• Foreign raw steelmaking capacity by major economic blocs, selected years, 1937-65 = 286
• Foreign raw steelmaking capacity by regions, selected years, 1937-65 = 286
• Past trends and projections, 1940-80, for U.S. iron ore consumption = 289
• World iron ore production = 290
• Map - Net shift in iron ore production, 1950-65, percent = 293
• Population projections, free world = 296
• Gross national product projections, free world, at 1965 prices = 296
• Average annual percentage change in gross national product, free world = 297
• Gross national product per capita projections, free world = 297
• Steel consumption projections, free world(ingot equivalent in millions of short tons) = 297
• Average annual percentage change in steel consumption, free world = 298
• Projections of steel consumption per capita, selected areas in free world = 298
• U.S. Government and international agency financial assistance to foreign steel industries :
• Country by year = 299
• Year by countries = 302
• Government ownership and control of free world steel producers = 305
• Steel under the Kennedy Round, total reductions after five annual stages = 311
• Cost of entry comparison of duties, taxes, and other charges(excluding freight, insurance handling, etc.) per $100 of product = 315
• Total iron and steel exports = 330
• Ordinary steel exports = 330
• Exports = 330
• U.S. foreign trade in selected raw materials and in steel products, year 1965, by principal steel exporting countries = 335
• Distribution of steel exports by country = 337
• U.S. imports of steel mill products by category, 1957-66 = 337
• Imports of steel mill products as percent of domestic markets, 1957-66 = 338
• U.S. exports of steel mill products by category, 1957-66 = 338
• U.S. imports - steel mill products by countries of origin = 339
• The U.S. balance of payments = 340
• Liquidity balance in balance of payments and balance in steel trade =341
• U.S. imports of steel, by major points of entry, 1965-66 = 341
• Steel ingot production, 1947-65, U.S. and major steel producing centers = 342
• Shares of total steel ingot output produced by major steel centers, 1947-65 = 343
• Comparison of major industries : Sales, 1947-65 = 345
• Federal income taxes, 1947-65 = 345
• Cash dividends, 1947-65 = 346
• Total assets, 1947-65 = 346
• Capital expenditures, 1947-65 = 346
• Value added by manufacture, 1947-65 = 347
• Total employment, 1947-65 = 347
• Total payroll, 1947-65 = 347
• Net profit after taxes, 1947-65 = 348
• U.S. apparent steel consumption, population, GNP per capita consumption, and GNP per capita, 1947-66 = 348
• Steel industry : Shipments of steel mill products related to durable goods production = 349
• National income originating in the iron and steel industry, in total manufacturing, and in all industries = 349
• Distribution of finished steel to consuming industries, 1923-66 = 350
• Durable goods and structures, 1955-66 = 352
• Prices of steel and competitive materials, 1955-66 = 352
• Steel output lags behind output of major consuming industries = 352
• Comparison of steel ingot production with output of major competing materials = 355
• Steel prices, United States and selected foreign countries, 1951-66 = 357
• Comparison of finished steel product prices with all commodities and industrial commodities, 1946-66 = 357
• Comparison of change in price indexes of steel mill products, gross national product(deflator), Consumer Price Index and Wholesale Price Index = 358
• Changes in raw steel yields and steel prices = 358
• Percent change in U.S. imports of steel and in wholesale steel prices in foreign supplier countries = 359
• Export prices of selected products in selected countries, January 1963 to March 1966 = 360
• Comparison of home trade prices in the main producing countries, June 1967 = 362
• Delivered prices for :
• Selected steel-mill products(domestic, imported, and differential) = 367
• Hot-rolled carbon steel sheets(domestic, imported, and differential) = 368
• Cold-rolled carbon steel sheets(domestic, imported, and differential) = 370
• Cold-rolled carbon steel sheets :
• Differential above import price = 372
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 373
• Delivered prices for cold-rolled stainless steel sheets(domestic, imported, and differential) = 374
• Cold-rolled stainless steel sheets, differential above import price = 375
• Delivered prices for wire rods(domestic, imported, and differential) = 376
• Wire rods ; differential above import price = 377
• Delivered prices for galvanized standard pipe(domestic, imported, and differential) = 378
• Galvanized standard pipe :
• Differential above import price = 379
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 380
• Delivered prices for black standard pipe(domestic, imported, and differential) = 381
• Black standard pipe :
• Differential above import price = 382
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 383
• Delivered prices for carbon steel plate(domestic, imported, and differential) = 384
• Carbon steel plate :
• Differential above import price = 385
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 386
• Delivered prices for hot-rolled carbon steel bars and bar shapes(domestic, imported, and differential) = 387
• Hot-rolled carbon steel bars and bar shapes :
• Differential above import price = 388
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 389
• Delivered prices for carbon steel structural shapes(domestic, imported, and differential) = 390
• Carbon steel structural shapes :
• Differential above import price = 391
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 392
• Delivered prices for carbon steel drawn bright wire(domestic, imported, and differential) = 393
• Carbon steel drawn bright wire :
• Differential above import price = 394
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 395
• Delivered prices for stainless steel drawn wire(domestic, imported, and differential) = 396
• Stainless steel drawn wire, differential above import price = 397
• Delivered prices for galvanized steel sheets(domestic, imported, and differential) = 398
• Galvanized steel sheets :
• Differential above import price = 399
• Import price differential as a percent of domestic price = 400
• Delivered prices for tool steel bars(domestic, imported, and differential) = 401
• Tool steel bars, differential above import price = 402
• Delivered prices for hot-rolled stainless steel bars(domestic, imported, and differential) = 403
• Hot-rolled stainless steel bars, differential above import price = 404
• Delivered prices for other steel mill products(domestic, imported, and differential) = 405
• Comparison of actual delivered price differentials for domestic versus imported :
• Sample size, more than 10 comparisons per product = 407
• Sample size, 10 or fewer comparisons per product = 408
• Distribution of delivered price percent differentials, domestic versus imported = 409
• Comparison of conference ocean freight rates as of March 31, 1967, on iron and steel products for three U.S. foreign trade routes = 415
• Construction cost and producers durable equipment indexes, 1940 and 1946-66 = 419
• Stock market valuation of steel industry equities, 1946-66 = 419
• U.S. steel industry profits, Federal income taxes, cash dividends, retained earnings, depreciation, cash flow, capital expenditures, 1946-66 = 420
• Plant and equipment expenditures, 1946-66 = 421
• U.S. steel industry :
• Working capital, miscellaneous investments, long-term debt, net worth, and debt ratio, 1946-66 = 422
• Sales, net income, and uses of funds, 1946-66 = 423
• Source and disposition of funds, steel industry and all corporations = 423
• Lone-term debt and interest charges of steel companies reporting to AISI, 1946-66 = 424
• Steel industry :
• Current ratio, 1946-66 = 424
• Cash and securities as a percent of working capital, 1946-66 = 425
• Working capital, inventories, and inventories as a percent of working capital, 1946-66 = 425
• U.S. steel industry - Ratio of net working capital to sales, 1946-66 = 426
• Total wages and salaries, and salaries as a percent of total wages and salaries, 1946-66 = 426
• Consumption of scrap by types of furnaces and percentages of scrap(reported by companies producing about 99 percent of the total output of ingots and steel for castings) = 427
• Current, assets as a percent of current liabilities, nine major steel-producing countries in free world, 1959-65 = 429
• Profits after taxes as a percent of total assets, nine major steel-producing countries in free world, 1959-65 = 429
• Total debt as a percentage of total assets, nine major steel-producing countries in free world, 1959-65 = 429
• Profits, etc., of 14 major U.K. steel companies, 1956-66 = 430
• Working capital, long-term debts, etc., of 14 major steel companies, 1956-66 = 430
• Income and related data, 14 major steel companies, 1956-66 = 431
• Capital expenditure-cost of normal depreciation, 14 major steel companies, 1956-66 = 432
• Profits before tax as percent of capital employed = 433
• Development expenditure and sources of finance, 14 major steel companies = 433
• Debt as percent of equity, six major Japanese steel companies = 434
• Current assets as percent of current liabilities(current ratio), six major Japanese steel companies = 435
• Sources of funds for capital expenditures of Japanese steel industry(net increase) = 436
• Trends in annual financial information, United States and major free world producers of steel = 418
• Imports and basic labor agreements, centered 3-month moving average of steel mill product imports = 461
• Steel mill product shipments, imports, exports, and inventories at manufacturing consumers' plants, showing effects of strikes, 1961-66 = 462
• U.S. steel industry :
• Steel output per all employee man-hours, steel output per production worker man-hour, and steel output per production worker man-hour, 1947-66 = 465
• Compensation per man-hour, output per man-hour, and unit labor cost, all employees, 1947-66 = 466
• Steel output and unit labor requirements in terms of man-hours, 1947-66 = 466
• Steel shipments and raw steel production per 1,000 man-hours worked, all employees, 1947-66 = 467
• Comparison of output per man-hour and compensation per man-hour, all persons, steel industry, manufacturing, and private nonfarm economy, 1947-66 = 467
• Comparison of prices and unit labor costs : steel industry, manufacturing, and private nonfarm economy, 1947-66 = 468
• Matrixes- U.S. Steel Industry :
• Output - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 469
• Output per all employees - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 470
• Output per production worker - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 471
• Output per nonproduction worker - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 472
• All employee man-hours - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 473
• Production worker man-hours - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 474
• Nonproduction worker man-hours - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 475
• Output per all employee man-hour - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 476
• Output per production worker man-hour - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 477
• Output per nonproduction worker man-hour - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 478
• Total compensation per man-hour, all employees - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 479
• Total compensation per man-hour of production worker - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 480
• Total compensation per man-hour of nonproduction worker - Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 481
• Unit labor cost, all employees Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 482
• Unit labor cost, production workers Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 483
• Unit labor cost, nonproduction worker Average annual rates of change in percent, 1947-66 = 484
• Average hourly labor expenditure for production workers in the iron and steel industries of nine countries, 1952-66 = 485
• Indexes of productivity and labor cost for all manufacturing industries in six countries, 1955-66 = 486
• Steel consumption and international trade of Japan = 487
• U.S. imports of steel mill products from Japan by product, 1959-66 = 487
• Japanese exports of iron and steel products by country of destination = 487
• Raw steel production, by process = 488
• Comparison of shipments by product = 488
• Japanese crude steel capacity, total and by major companies and plant locations, 1964 = 489
• Imports of raw materials and fuels from the United States :
• Heavy fuel oil = 491
• Cost, insurance, and freight, Japan = 492
• Indirect steel imports into Japan from the United States = 492
• Iron and steel shipments to the United States(quantity and f.o.b. value) = 493
• Japanese production of :
• Road vehicles = 493
• Completed steel vessels = 493
• Foreign trade of principal energy products of the United States, 1939-66 = 495
• End use of bituminous coal exports, by countries, 1965 = 496
• Bituminous coal, prices and principal cost components, 1950-66 = 496
• Comparison of tons per man-shift in the coal industries of certain countries, 1965 = 497
• Single-trip ocean freight rates for overseas coal, as reported by Rodriguez Sons & Co., Inc., Hampton Roads, Baltimore, and Philadelphia = 497
• Average charter rates for coal from Hampton Roads to certain foreign ports in 1964, by size of shipment = 499
• U.S. exports of bituminous coal, actual and projected in certain years = 500
• U.S. exports of bituminous, anthracite, and coke, 1939-66 = 501
• Estimated coal reserves of the world = 501
• Stainless steel statistics = 503
• Total stainless steel imports by products = 504
• Quantity of U.S. imports of stainless steel mill products by country of origin = 504
• U.S. imports of stainless steel; Quantity, value, and percent of total by country of origin = 506
• Value of U.S. imports of stainless steel mill products by country of origin, 1962-66 = 506
• Total stainless steel imports, by value = 508
• Base prices of stainless steel products in the United States, 1960-67 = 508
• Total steel statistics = 508
• U.S. imports of tool steel mill products bv product and country of origin, 1962-66 = 509
• Quantity of U.S. imports of tool steel, by country of origin, 1962-66 = 510
• Steel industry employees, raw steel production, and tons produced per employee, 1946-66 = 511
• Labor turnover rates, total manufacturing versus steel industry, per 100 employees = 511
• Steel imports as percent of United States market compared to U.S. unemployment rate, steel industry layoffs, and new hiring, 1958-66 = 512
• Trend of U.S. imports and domestic producers prices for selected steel mill products = 513
• Tonnage of imports and exports, total steel mill products, 1957-66 = 514
• Imported wire rod prices = 516