美國 AFDC 프로그램의 變遷過程을 통해서 본 貧困問題와 自由主義思想과의 關係 : From the Viewpoint of Change Process of AFDC Program in United States = Poverty Problem and Liberalism

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between the view on poverty and liberalism by analyzing change process of AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) program in United States. In searching for the relationship between poverty and liberalism, this article was divided into five parts chronologically, using dates - 1900, 1930, 1940, and 1960 - that marked shifts in the social thought on poverty and AFDC program.
Before 1900, Charity Organization Society (COS) movements rested on three simple but sweeping assumptions : first, the roots of urban poverty lay in the moral deficiencies and character flaws of the poor ; second, the eradication of the slum evil depended upon bringing the poor to recognize and correct these deficiencies ; and third, the realization of this goal would require a greater degree of cooperation among the diverse, often overlapping charitable societies of the typical large city. The philosophical base of COS was liberalism which emphasizes individualism and limited government. COS achieved considerable success in discrediting public welfare and inducing counties or municipalities to abolish ourdoor relief, the early type of public assistance.
During 1900-1929, the Mother's Pension, the predecessor of AFDC program, was introduced in state government level. Attempts before 1915 to institute a system of state aid to dependent mothers had been thwarted by the COS and other private agencies. For COS, mothers' pensions were the most dangerous proposals affecting the philanthropic division of labor. The mothers' pensions movement was a liberating, innovating force in American social welfare. It questioned the conventional wisdom which delegated to voluntary institutions the main responsibility for social action. Whatever the validity of the public-private dichotomy in the past, changes in the economic and family system by the twentieth century required greater government intervention. The mothers' pensions movements also means that the strong liberalism began to ebb away.
During 1930-1940, America experienced the Depression and the development of Social Security Act of 1935. The 1930s is a turning point in American history because the federal government began to act in new ways. The economic turmoil due to the Depression involved new ideas about the proper role of government in social life, new views in political and economic theory, and new perspective on the poverty. In this period, liberalism was criticized. The main practical consequence of the Depression was the Social Security Act of 1935, which was intended to establish a framework of economic security and brought social insurance and public assistance to the center of welfare policy. AFDC was one of the programs that Social Security Act introduced.
During the 1940s, the 1950s, and the first few years of the 1960s, the topic of poverty was virtually nonexistent in the sociological literature. However, in 1962 Michael Harrington catalyzed a rediscovery of poverty in America. His powerful, passionate book. The Other America, exposed the misery of a "new", specially deprived poor. He argued that this new poverty affected 40 to 50 million people. During the 1960s and 1970s the number of AFDC families rose sharply. As the rolls swelled, so did the total costs of the program. The rapid AFDC growth during the 1960s was especially remarkable because it occurred while the poverty population was declining. Changing in eligibility requirements and benefit levels, growth of female-headed families, and more accepting public attitudes all contributed to this increase. In the 1980s, neo-conservatism, new form of classical liberalism, emerged as dominant ideology, and attacked the expansion of AFDC program. As a result of attack, AFDC benefits were reduced and some recipients forced off the rolls by Reagan administration's policies of budget cuts and overall retreatment.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 目次 = 189
• Ⅰ. 序論 = 189
• Ⅱ. AFDC프로그램의 變遷過程을 통해서 본 貧困과 自由主義思想과의 關係 = 190
• 1. 母年金 制度 이전의 自由主義와 慈善組織協會의 時代 : 1900년 以前 = 190
• 2. 進步와 改革의 時代 : 1900-1930 = 193
• 3. 大恐慌과 뉴딜의 時代 : 1930-1940 = 198
• 4. 安定과 繁榮의 時代 : 1940-1960 = 203
• 5. 貧困의 再發見과『War on Poverty』의 時代 : 1960-1980 = 206
• Ⅲ. 結論 = 214
• Abstract = 216