환경보호에 관한 남극조약 의정서(마드리드 의정서)상 환경영향평가제도에 관한 연구 = A Study on Environment Impact Assessments under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is defined as an examination of planned activities with a view to ensuring environmentally sound and sustainable development. It is well-established practice to conduct EIAs for activities that are likely to cause significant adverse impacts to the environment. The general provisions on EIAs are well provided under multilateral instruments as well as under various regional and sectoral instruments.
Among these instruments, a procedure on EIAs under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) is worth mentioning as, in a relative sense, it provides specific standards and requirements for the conduct of EIAs with the reflection of distinct character and fragility of the environment concerned, the Antarctic area.
In recent years, as the Madrid Protocol has been referenced in developing the provisions on EIAs under an international legally binding instrument under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, it seems to be a useful model for structuring EIAs on any future international agreements. Thus, from an international law perspective, this paper closely examines the distinct features and characters of the EIA procedure provided under the Protocol and discovers the elements that should be taken into account in designing EIAs under future agreements.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

환경영향평가란 인간의 계획된 활동이 환경에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하는 절차를 말한다. 환경오염이 발생한 후의 사후적인 대응보다 사전에 오염을 방지하려는 차원에서 평가를 실시하는 것이다. 오늘날 환경영향평가는 국내 법률체계 내에서 뿐만 아니라 ‘기후변화협약’, ‘생물다양성협약’ 등 여러 국제환경조약에서 국가의 의무로 받아들여지고 있다.
남극의 환경과 생태계 보호와 관련하여 남극조약을 보완하기 위해 채택된 '환경보호에 관한 남극조약 의정서(마드리드 의정서)’에도 환경영향평가의무에 대한 내용이 포함되어 있는데, 환경적 특수성과 서식하는 생물자원의 민감성 등을 고려하여 그 절차적 내용을 비교적 세밀하게 규정하고 있다.
근자에 유엔 총회에서 ‘국가관할권 이원지역의 해양생물다양성 보존과 지속가능한 이용에 관한 유엔해양법협약상 법적구속력 있는 국제 법률문서’를 개발하기로 결정하였다. 이와 관련하여 환경영향평가제도 도입에 관한 논의가 주요이슈 중 하나로 제기되고 있는데 마드리드 의정서 상의 내용들이 상당부분 고려되고 있으며, 향후 환경보호와 관련한 국제문서상 환경영향평가제도를 도입하는 과정에서 동 내용들이 중요한 지침으로 작용할 것으로 보인다.
따라서 본 연구는 마드리드 의정서 상의 환경영향평가제도에 대한 국제법적 검토를 통하여 기존의 국제문서상 환경영향평가제도와 어떤 차이를 보이는지 그리고 향후 환경영향평가제도를 도입하는 과정에서 중요하게 고려 또는 반영될 수 있는 요소들이 무엇인지 등을 분석하고자 한다.

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