KCI등재
한국어의 특색 구명을 위한 연구 : Phonological, Morphological, Lexical and Syntactical = STUDY ON THE PERCULIARITY OF KOREAN
저자
임경순 (전남대학교 교양과정부)
발행기관
全南大學校 人文科學硏究所(THE INSTITUTE OF HUMANISTIC STUDIES CHONNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY)
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1972
작성언어
Korean
KDC
001.3
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
99-157(59쪽)
제공처
소장기관
The structure of Korean is very complicated. We see five dialects included in the common language when we look into the five contrastively leveled honorific system of the Korean language. And we believe that the knowledge of the specific features of the Korean language would be very helpful in teaching the language.
Korean belongs to the Altaic family according to the lexical statistics. The writer calculated how long the following three sets of languages (the last ones are dialects) have been separated from each other:
the Korean spoken in Seoul and Mongolian: 5,336 years
the Korean spoken in Seoul and the Japanese spoken in Tokyo: 7,561 years
the Seoul dialect and the Jeju dialect: 334 years.
There are a lot of distinctive features between the spoken form and the written form of Korean. Since in Korean the subject and the predicate of the matrix sentences are likely to be separated by the embedded sentences, the sentences in the spoken form should not be long in order to be understood. And as in other languages, the important part of the sentences should be repeated.
Some Korean consonants consist of voiceless homoorganic triads which are distinctive features of Korean, whereas the English consonants have the corresponding single counterparts. And such fricatives as /f,v/, /θ,ð/, /z/, etc., are completely new sounds to Koreans, because the Korean fricative has only three phonemes, such as /s/, /'s/, and /h/. The length is used to distinguish the meaning in the common language of Korean.
If we use the symbol C for the consonant, V for the vowel, Y for the semi-vowel, and Q for the final consonant, the mora would be V, YV, CV, CYV, and Q.
Since in /??/, /sa:/ is in the position of a syllable, it is not mora, while in /sa:n/, /sa:/ make up two morae. Most of the diphthongs take a rising form except /??/. The diphthong that is composed of a falling form is an unstable combination.
The twelve consonants, except the sonorants and three fricatives, form the faisceau decorrelations with four degrees and three classes. In the obstruents, the bilabials are neutralized into /p/, the velars into /k/, the dentals and palatals into /t/. /l/ and /ŋ/ never occur in the initial position of breath group in the Korean phonological system. /l/ and /r/ are different phonemes in English, but they are allophones in Korean. This is why Koreans can hardly distinguish between 'lamb' and 'ram'. Since we do not have the vowels to represent such vowels as /??, ??, ??, ??/, we represent them all in one vowel /??/. There are no voiced phoneme of obstruents in Korean.
The Korean syllables are represented as M₁(M₂) (M₃) on the mora level of the phonemic form. Following the Korean syllabication system, therefore, there is no way but to syllabicate the word 'strong' which has only one syllable into three syllables, /??/. When the final Q is followed by an affix, it brings about the sandhi form composing a syllable with the initial vowel of the affix.
The breath group of Korean consists of one kernel accent and one juncture, but /ŋ/, /l/, and /nj/ at the initial position are exceptions. The kernel accent usually falls on the second mora avoiding the Q mora. If the first mora is long, or the initial consonant is geminate, or the Q is voiced, or the second mora's initial is aspirated or spirant, the kernel accent moves to the first mora. In the Middle Korean, the vowel harmony rule was rigid within a breath group. The back low vowels were to harmonize with either one. By the extinction of /??/ in the 16th century, however, the phoneme /??/ which had lost its counterpart is likely to be put into the neutral vowel category. The assimilation of the consonants to the voiced is effective to the euphony.
When a pause is added to the breath group, a line grade phonemic form is composed and when a sentence final pitch is added to this, a stanza grade phonemic unit is composed.
Most ideal, abstract, and philosophical words of Korean are borrowed from the Chinese language. As Greek or Latin plays a role in the course of word-formation in European languages, so it is the Chinese language in most oriental languages. Since the essence of communication, however, lies in expression and understanding, we have to try to accomplish the purposes of communication by using our native language. One of the characteristics of the Korean lexical features is that they have been highly developed by sound symbolism.
The Korean /i:l/ covers various English words, such as 'matter', 'event', 'job', 'thing', 'task', 'business', 'work', 'vocation', etc. On the other hand, Korean has various expressions for the English word, 'rice': in case it is boiled, we call it /pap/, eaten by the seniors, /cinci/, eaten by the King, /sura/, offered to the gods, /mo/, given to the birds, /moi/, used for fishing, /mi'ki/, not boiled, /'sal/, and not ground, /??/ whose southern dialect is /narak/.
And also one of the characteristics of Korean is that there are several functional nouns(incomplete noun) which function only grammatically as a modified noun having no real meaning.
The distinction between morphology and syntax lies whether we treat the combination of morphemes linearly of hierarchically.
In the syntactic structures of Korean forming mostly left hand branching sentences, the controlling part of the sentence comes after the modifying or restrictive phrase, and since the subject and predicate of the matrix sentence are apt to be separated by the embedded sentence, the context of the matrix sentence is not easy to understand and the hearer should be careful in order to grasp the meaning of the utterance, therefore, short sentences are recommendable in the spoken form of Korean.
In the deep structure, any form of statement, interrogative, imperative, or propositional requires both a speaker, the first person subject, and a hearer, the indirect object, and a performative verb, but in the surface structure, even if the subject itself is deleted, it does not seem like anything deleted from it. And this is why the abridged sentences are preferable in Korean.
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