주의와 양안 통합 지각 학습이 양안 간 억제 불균형 감소에 미치는 영향 = The effect of attention and perceptual learning of binocular integration on reducing imbalanced interocular suppression

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

People, who have a large difference in visual acuity between the two eyes, have trouble in binocular integration because of imbalanced interocular suppression which occurs before binocular summation (Meese, Georgeson, & Baker, 2006). To reduce imbalanced interocular suppression, the current study first compared three SED–measurement methods suggested by previous studies (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, we selected participants who had large imbalance of interocular suppression by using Xu, He, and Ooi (2012)’s method which had the highest reliability and reflected the other visual abilities better than the other methods in Experiment 1. Those who were selected participated in Experiment 3, designed to reduce imbalance of interocular suppression by using a push-pull protocol (Xu, He, & Ooi, 2010) and perceptual learning of binocular integration (Hess, Mansouri, & Thompson, 2010). We found both training methods were effective in reducing imbalance of interocular suppression. The effect of non-dominant eye-specific attention was manifested in two different ways: facilitating information processing of a non-dominant eye and suppressing a dominant eye for faster emergence of significant reduction of the interocular suppression. Our results suggest that non-dominant eye-specific attention plays a critical role in reducing imbalanced interocular suppression.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

두 눈의 시력차가 큰 약시 환자들의 경우 양안 간 불균형적인 억제로 인해 양안 통합에 어려움을 겪는다(Meese, Georgeson, & Baker, 2006). 이를 해소하기 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 양안 간 억제 측정법들을 상호 비교하였다(실험 1). 이 중 신뢰도가 가장 높으며, 다른 시각 기능을 가장 잘 반영하는 측정법(Xu, He, & Ooi, 2010; 실험 1)을 활용해 정상군 중 일정 수준 이상의 양안 간 불균형적인 억제를 형성하고 있는 참가자를 선정했다(실험 2). 그 후 Xu 등(2010)의 푸시풀 지각 학습법과 Hess, Mansouri, 및 Thompson(2010)의 양안 통합 지각 학습법을 이용해 양안 간 불균형적인 억제를 감소시키고자 했다(실험 3). 실험 결과 두 지각 학습법 모두 비슷한 정도로 양안 간 억제의 불균형을 감소시켰다. 또한 푸시풀 지각 학습법의 비우세안 특정적인 주의는 비우세안에 제시되는 자극의 정보 처리를 촉진시켰고, 우세안이 비우세안을 억제하는 정도를 감소시킴으로써 양안 간 억제의 불균형 감소가 신속하게 나타나도록 유도했다(실험 3). 이 결과는 두 지각 학습법과 비우세안 특정적인 주의가 양안 간 억제의 불균형을 감소하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 Zhang, P., "Voluntary attention modulates processing of eye-specific visual information" 23 : 254-260, 2012
• 2 Viera, A. J., "Understanding interobserver agreement : the kappa statistic" 37 : 360-363, 2005
• 3 Strong, R. W., "Training enhances attentional expertise, but not attentional capacity : Evidence from content-specific training benefits" 17 : 1-11, 2017
• 4 McKee, S. P., "The pattern of visual deficits in amblyopia" 3 : 380-405, 2003
• 5 Pelli, D. G., "The VideoToolbox software for visual psychophysics : Transforming numbers into movies" 10 : 437-442, 1997
• 6 Brainard, D. H., "The Psychophysics Toolbox" 10 : 433-436, 1997
• 7 Levi, D. M., "Stereopsis and amblyopia : a mini-review" 114 : 17-30, 2015
• 8 Banks, M. S., "Sensitive period for the development of human binocular vision" 190 (190): 675-677, 1975
• 9 Ding, J., "Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision" 108 : E733-E741, 2011
• 10 Xu, J. P., "Push–pull training reduces foveal sensory eye dominance within the early visual channels" 61 : 48-59, 2012
• 11 Xu, J. P., "Perceptual learning to reduce sensory eye dominance beyond the focus of top-down visual attention" 61 : 39-47, 2012
• 12 Levi, D. M., "Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia : a mini-review" 49 : 2535-2549, 2009
• 13 Levi, D., "Perception of mirror symmetry in amblyopic vision" 44 : 2475-2482, 2004
• 14 Eaton, N. C., "Optimization of visual training for full recovery from severe amblyopia in adults" 23 : 99-103, 2016
• 15 DeLoss, D. J., "Optimization of perceptual learning : Effects of task difficulty and external noise in older adults" 99 : 37-45, 2014
• 16 Mansouri, B., "Measurement of suprathreshold binocular interactions in amblyopia" 48 : 2775-2784, 2008
• 17 Mastropasqua, T., "Location transfer of perceptual learning : Passive stimulation and double training" 108 : 93-102, 2015
• 18 Engineer, N. D., "Inverted-U function relating cortical plasticity and task difficulty" 205 : 81-90, 2012
• 19 Dieter, K. C., "Individual differences in sensory eye dominance reflected in the dynamics of binocular rivalry" 141 : 40-50, 2017
• 20 Byers, A., "Exploring the relationship between perceptual learning and top-down attentional control" 74 : 30-39, 2012
• 21 Szpiro, S. F., "Exogenous attention enables perceptual learning" 26 : 1854-1862, 2015
• 22 Mukai, I., "Exogenous and endogenous attention during perceptual learning differentially affect post-training target thresholds" 11 : 1-15, 2011
• 23 Xu, J. P., "Effectively reducing sensory eye dominance with a push-pull perceptual learning protocol" 20 : 1864-1868, 2010
• 24 Hess, R. F., "Binocular vision in amblyopia : structure, suppression and plasticity" 34 : 146-162, 2014
• 25 Baker, D. H., "Binocular summation of contrast remains intact in strabismic amblyopia" 48 : 5332-5338, 2007
• 26 Meese, T. S., "Binocular contrast vision at and above threshold" 6 : 1224-1243, 2006
• 27 Ahissar, M., "Attentional control of early perceptual learning" 90 : 5718-5722, 1993
• 28 Wick, B., "Anisometropic amblyopia : is the patient ever too old to treat?" 69 : 866-878, 1992
• 29 Hess, R. F., "Amblyopia and the binocular approach to its therapy" 114 : 4-16, 2015
• 30 Seitz, A., "A unified model for perceptual learning" 9 : 329-334, 2005
• 31 Ooi, T. L., "A push-pull treatment for strengthening the ‘lazy eye’ in amblyopia" 23 : R309-R310, 2013
• 32 Yang, E., "A new interocular suppression technique for measuring sensory eye dominance" 51 : 588-593, 2010
• 33 Hess, R. F., "A new binocular approach to the treatment of amblyopia in adults well beyond the critical period of visual development" 28 : 793-802, 2010
• 34 Jin, Y. H., "A new LogMAR vision chart : Jins vision chart" 38 : 2036-2044, 1997
• 35 Black, J. M., "A compact clinical instrument for quantifying suppression" 88 : E334-E343, 2011
• 36 Xu, J. P., "A binocular perimetry study of the causes and implications of sensory eye dominance" 51 : 2386-2397, 2011
• 37 감기택, "3D 환경에서 가보 영상을 이용한 입체 시력 검사도구의 개발: 탐색적 연구" 한국방송∙미디어공학회 20 (20): 901-911, 2015