고려전기 女眞人에 대한 將軍職․鄕職 운용 양태와 의미 = The Goryeo government’s bestowal of ‘military leader status’ or ‘local posts(nominal)’ to the Jurchens in the dynasty’s early half, and its meaning

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구는 고려 현종-문종대 여진 교섭의 여러 양상 중 將軍職․ 鄕職의 수여 양태를 분석하고 그것이 이원적으로 운용되는 의미를 찾아본 것이다.
고려는 처음에 여진 대표자를 酋長으로 부르다가 중국에서 蕃長들에게 수여하던 武散階를 원용하여 여러 장군직을 주었다. 여기에는 歸德→懷化→ 柔遠→寧塞→奉國의 서열이 추출되며, 고려와의 관계 변화에 따른 굴곡도파악된다. 향직은 고려초기 중앙 정계에서 사용하던 위계를 활용한 것이다. 향직은 여진인에 대한 보편적 위계로 운용되었으며, 장군직 보유자는향직도 보유했으나 장군직을 우선하였다.
이러한 이원적 체계는 고려 군인이 正職과 鄕職을 공유하던 것을 원용한 것이다. 여진 추장은 향직의 보편적 체계를 통해 고려의 질서에 편입된상황을 반영하면서 장군직을 통해 현지에서의 위세나 고려에 대한 공헌을 담아내었다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Examined in this study is the practice of the Goryeo government bestowing to the Jurchens in the dynasty’s North, either a status as a military leader(將軍職) or a nominal local post(鄕職), as part of its overall efforts to maintain a relationship with the Northern tribes, since the reign of King Hyeonjong and through the reign of King Munjong. Examining the manner in which they were bestowed, and the meaning of bestowing such dual merits, will be the focus of this article.
At first, in the early years the Goryeo government addressed the Jurchen representatives as ‘tribal leaders(酋長), then it chose to adopt the Chinese practice of providing border tribal elders(蕃長) with Military-based hierarchy ranks(武散階), and began bestowing the aforementioned military leader status to the Jurchens in the north. We can find various ranks from cases of bestowals such as Bongguk(奉國), Yeongsae(寧塞), Yuweon(柔遠), Hwehwa(懷化), Gwideok(歸德), from which we can also sense some shifts in their relationship with Goryeo.
Meanwhile, the bestowal of local posts(“Hyangjik, 鄕職”) to the Jurchens employed no other than Goryeo’s own old tradition of providing entities regarded important by the government with such posts. This nominal local status structure was used as a general platform to manage the Jurchens. Overall, while the Jurchens who had the military leader status also had such local posts, but they generally preferred the former or put it in front of their title.
This practice of a dual-status provision was modeled after the Goryeo institution concerning soldiers who had both Jeongjik(正職, regular obligations) posts and Hyangjik ranks.
Incorporated into this kind of structure, the Jurchen tribal leaders operated within the confines of such Goryeo-centric order, and wielded power in their own habitat with the Goryeo-bestowed military leader status, while serving the Goryeo government in such capacity.