미얀마 고대 쀼 왕국의 불교미술과 인도의 영향 = Buddhist Art in Pyu, the Ancient Kingdom of Myanmar, and the Influence of India

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The Pyu, one of the ancient kingdoms in Central Myanmar, had begun creating the Buddhist Art around the 4th century at the latest. This is in contrast to other regions of continental Southeast Asia where the Hindu Art was dominant. While the Buddhist Art of Pyu illustrates various aspects, the prevailing point of view is that it directly reflects the influence of the Andhra region in the southern region of India, and Sri Lanka. However, compared to those of Andhra’s, the body shape is much slimmer, they are dressed differently, and the way of folding clothes are handled differently. It is likely to be the influence of the Buddhist Arts of Sarnath and Nalanda, India. In fact, from Central Myanmar, it was able to travel towards Bangladesh by an overland route, or cross the sea from Tamralipti(眈麻立底), an important port in India, and head north along the Irawady River. The Buddhist Art of the Pyu found in Sri Kshetra was first affected by Central India during the Gupta period, and gradually accepted the arts of Southern India and Sri Lanka later. The Pyu, an ancient kingdom of Central Myanmar, had created a complex form of Buddhist Art by not only embracing the Buddhist cultures from an important region of India where Buddhism was developed but also applying their aesthetic senses.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

미얀마 중부지방에 있었던 고대왕국 쀼(Pyu)는 늦어도 4세기경부터 불교미술을 만들었다. 이는 같은 시기 대륙부 동남아의 다른 지역에서 힌두교 미술이 중심인 것과 대조적이다. 일반적으로 쀼 왕국의 불교미술은 남인도 안드라 지방과 스리랑카의 영향을 그대로 반영한다는 견해가 지배적이다. 하지만 날렵한 불신과 착의법, 옷주름 처리방식이 달라서 중인도 사르나트와 날란다 불교미술의 영향으로 보인다. 중부 미얀마는 육로를 통한 방글라데시 방면에서의 이동과 인도의 항구 탐라립티(Tamralipti)에서 배를 타고 바다를 건너 에야와디(Irawady)강을 따라 북상하는 루트가 뚫려있었다. 스리 크세트라(Śrī Kṣetra)에서 발견된 쀼족의 불교미술은 처음에 굽타시대 인도 중부지방 미술의 영향을 받았고, 점차 남인도 및 스리랑카 미술도 수용했다. 미얀마 중부에 위치한 쀼 왕국은 인도 중요 지역에서 전해진 불교문화의 영향을 받았고, 자신들의 고유한 미의식을 반영하여 복합적이고 다원적인 미술을 만들었다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 강희정, "사르나트와 동아시아구법승" 3 : 268-299, 2004
• 2 강희정, "보원사지 오층석탑 사리함의 연기법송(緣起法頌)과 해상실크로드" 미술사와 시각문화학회 (13) : 38-61, 2014
• 3 부산박물관, "미얀마의 불교미술" 부산박물관 2019
• 4 "華陽國志"
• 5 "舊唐書"
• 6 "新唐書"
• 7 "大唐西域记"
• 8 동북아역사재단, "『후한서 외국전』 역주" 동북아역사재단 2009
• 9 Pe Maung Tin, "The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma" Oxford University Press 1960
• 10 Stargardt, Janice, "Relics and Relic Worship in the Early Buddhism: India, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka and Burma" British Museum 2018
• 11 Luce, G. H., "Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: Languages and History" Oxford University Press 1985
• 12 Thein Lwin, "Lost Kingdoms; Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia" The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014
• 13 Guy, John, "Lost Kingdoms; Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia" The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014
• 14 Wade, Geoff, "Lost Kingdoms; Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia" The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014
• 15 Guy, John, "Lost Kingdoms; Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia" The Metropolitan Museum of Art 2014
• 16 Kang, Heejung, "Kunlun and Kunlun Slaves as Buddhists in the Eyes of the Tang Chinese" 22 (22): 2015
• 17 Strachan, Paul, "Imperial Pagan: Art and Architecture of Old Burma" University of Hawaii Press 1989
• 18 Nicolas Revire, "Facts and Fiction: The Myth of Suvaṇṇabhūmi Through the Thai and Burmese Looking Glass" 동아연구소 6 (6): 167-206, 2018
• 19 Murphy, Stephen, "Cities and Kings: Ancient Treasures from Myanmar" Asian Civilization Museum 2016
• 20 Murphy, Stephen, "Cities and Kings: Ancient Treasures from Myanmar" Asian Civilization Museum 2016
• 21 Murphy, Stephen, "Cities and Kings: Ancient Treasures from Myanmar" Asian Civilization Museum 2016
• 22 Duroiselle, Charles, "Archeological Survey of India, 1926-1927" Government of India 1930