A Study on the Laws and Regulations for the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution in the Arctic Waters: Focusing on International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code) = A Study on the Laws and Regulations for the Prevention of Vessel-Source Pollution in the Arctic Waters: Focusing on International Code of Safety for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code)

국문 초록 (Abstract)

극지해역은 지구온난화의 영향으로 해빙이 가속화되기 시작하면서, 새로운 해상교역로 제공 및 자원의 개발과 같이 극지해역이 제공하는 경제적 이점에 국제사회는 상당한 관심을 가져왔다. 특히, 오랫동안 탐험경로로만 인식되었던 북극해는 최근 유럽과 아시아를 횡단하는 상업적 횡단 항해가 이루어지면서 앞으로 북극해를 통하는 선박 유입량이 상당히 늘어 날 것으로 전망하고 있다. 이들 항로 중 가장 대표적인 두 항로는 캐나다 북극해를 거쳐 유럽에서 아시아로 나오는 북서항로(Northwest Passage)와 러시아 북극해를 지나는 북동항로(Northeast Passage)이지만, 최근 들어 북극해의 얼음이 급속도로 녹아내리자 북극의 중앙을 가로지르는 북극중앙항로도 조만간 이용할 수 있을 것으로 예상하고 있다. 그에 반해, 북극해의 증가된 선박운항으로 인하여 선박기인 해양오염문제에 대한 국제사회의 우려의 목소리도 있다. 북극해의 지리적 특성으로 인하여 운항중 해양오염물질 배출 및 사고로 기인하는 해양오염배출이 일어날 경우 즉각적인 대응 및 조치가 다른 해역보다 어려울 수 있어 해양오염에 상당히 취약한 편이다. 따라서 북극해를 이용하는 선박들은 특별한 주의를 기울어야 하며 선박기인 해양오염을 방지하기 위한 물적 및 인적분야의 사전예방조치가 무엇보다 중요할 것이다.
이에 따라 국제해사기구(IMO)는 2014년 11월 21일 해사안전위원회 제94차회의에서 극지해역에서 운항하는 선박에 대한 국제코드 및 이를 의무적으로 적용하기 위한 해상인명안전협약의 개정안으로 새로운 부속서 제XIV장(극지해역에서 운항하는 선박의 안전조치)을 채택하였다. 또한 2015년 5월 15일 해양환경보호위원회 제68차 회의에서는 국제코드의 환경보호 규정인 Part Ⅱ-A 및 Ⅱ-B와 이를 강제화 하기 위한 해양오염방지협약 부속서Ⅰ(유류오염방지), Ⅱ(유해액체물질오염방지), Ⅳ(오수오염방지) 및 Ⅴ(폐기물오염방지)의 개정안을 채택하였다. 이 국제코드는 극지해역에서 안전한 선박운항과 극지해역 환경보호를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있으며, 해상인명안전협약과 해양오염방지협약의 개정안의 발효로 2017년 1월 1일에 본격적으로 발효하게 되었다. 극지해역 운항선박기준의 내용적 구성은 안전조치를 위한 Part I 과 오염방지조치를 위한 Part II로 이루어져있으며, 구조적 구성은 각 Part 별로 강행규범인 A편과 권고규범인 B편으로 이루어져있다.
이 논문에서는 선박의 새로운 항로로서의 북극해가 가지는 경제적 이점을 살펴본 후, 북극해의 선박기인 해양오염 방지를 위한 극지해역 운항선박기준의 중요성 및 이행문제에 대해 검토해보고자 한다. 나아가, 극지해역 운항선박기준의 제정경과 및 주요 내용을 검토하여 앞으로 북극해의 선박기인 해양오염 방지를 위한 극지해역 운항선박기준의 발전방향을 제시하고자 한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

With the acceleration of the throwing of polar’s sea ice due to the global warming, international community has been interested in the economic benefits of polar waters such as the new sea lane and the exploitation and exploration of oil and gas resources. In particular, the arctic waters, which has been long recognised as th path of expedition, is predicted to increase a number of vessels that wish to pass through its waters due to recent success of commercial voyages that sail across from european to Asia by using the Arctic Waters. Although the most popular passages are the Northwest Passage, which is from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans passes through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Northeast Passage which cross the Arctic north of Russia, the North-centre Passage is expected to be sooner used as the shipping route by reason of dramatically melting of the arctic’s sea-ice. Meanwhile, with the increasing numbers of vessels sailing across in the Arctic waters, international community has voices of concern regarding vessel-source pollution. Due to physical features of the arctic waters, this area is vulnerable to vessel-source pollution considering that it may be difficult to promptly response or take measures in case of accidental discharges and operational discharges of ships than other seas. Hence, the vessels that is using the arctic waters not only have a special attention to prevent vessel-source pollution, but there also is important to take protective measures concerning the international safety requirement for design, construction, equipment, operation and manning of vessels.
As a result, the Maritime Safety Committee of International Maritime Organisation has been adopted ‘International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code)’ and new chapter XIV(Safety Measures for Ships Operating in Polar Waters) of the SOLAS for the purpose of authorizing legal binding of Polar Code. In addition, at the sixty eighth session of Marine Environment Protection Committee on 15 May 2015 has been adopted the parts Ⅱ-A and Ⅱ-B of the Polar Code and the related amendments to MARPOL73/78 Annexes Ⅰ(Prevention of Pollution by Oil), Ⅱ(Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk), Ⅳ (Prevention of Pollution by Sewage), and Ⅴ(Prevention of Pollution by Garbage). The purpose of the Polar Code is to offer the safety operation and protection of the polar environment. The Polar Code already entered into force 1 January 2017 upon along with the entry into force the associated amendments to MARPOL73/78 and SOLAS. The content of Polar Code consist of Part I and Part II and the structure of its Code constitute that while Part A is mandatory provisions, Part B is recommendatory provisions.
This study will look at the economic advantages of the arctic waters as new shipping’s route. Afterwards, this study will examine the significance and the issues of implementation of the Polar Code to prevent vesselsource pollution in the arctic waters. Further, after analysing the enacting progress and the main contents of the Polar Code, it will suggest the recommendations and the improvement for the Polar Code to combat vessel-source pollution in the arctic waters.

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