난독증 가족력이 있는 영유아의 청각적 정보 처리 시 나타난 사건관련전위에 대한 메타분석 및 이후 언어능력과의 상관 연구 = A Meta-Analysis of the Event-Related Potential during Auditory Processing in Infants with Familial Risk for Dyslexia and Its Correlation to Language Abilities

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Objectives: Developmental dyslexia is a disorder in which children with normal sensory and cognitive abilities fail to acquire reading and writing skills despite conventional education. Related literature has reported that phonological processing deficits underlie reading and writing difficulties, suggesting that basic auditory processing problems from birth could be the underlying factors of phonological impairment with an emphasis on genetic effects. The current study aimed to investigate whether the event-related potential (ERP) during auditory processing in infants less than 24 months of age with familial risk for dyslexia is significantly different from that of their controls through a meta-analysis, and explore how the ERP correlates to later language abilities. Methods: Database searching identified twelve studies which met the criteria. Effect size (Hedges’ g) was calculated using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA). Significant correlation coefficients were reported based on 5 studies analyzing correlation between the ERP and several measurements of later language abilities. Results: The results demonstrated medium to large effect size of the differences in the mean amplitude of ERP, indicating that the ERP is a sensitive measure to distinguish the at-risk group from the control group. The analysis of correlation between the ERP and later language abilities revealed that reading fluency, reading speed, and phonological awareness have relatively strong correlations with the ERP. Conclusion: The current study showed significant differences in the ERP during auditory processing between infants with and without familial risk for dyslexia, suggesting that ERP could be an early electrophysiological marker for developmental dyslexia.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

배경 및 목적: 본연구는난독증가족력이있는발달성난독증위험군영유아의청각적정보처리시나타난사건관련전위(event-related potential, ERP)를 보고한 연구들을 종합적으로 분석하여 ERP가 난독증 위험군 집단을 민감하게 구분하는지를 알아보고, 발달 초기의 ERP가 이후의 언어능력과 어떠한 상관이 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 국내외 9개 데이터베이스에서 24개월 미만의 난독증가족력이 있는 영유아의 ERP 평균진폭을 비교한 12편의 논문을 선정하여 교정된 표준화된 평균차이인 Hedges’ g를 산출하였다. 또한발달 초기의 ERP와 이후의 언어능력 측정치 간 상관을 분석한 5편의 논문에 근거하여 상관 정도를 분석하였다. 결과: 난독증 위험군집단과 통제 집단 간 ERP 평균진폭에 대한 효과크기는 중간에서 큰 효과크기를 보이며 발달 초기의 ERP가 난독증 위험군과 통제군을구분하는 유의한 측정치인 것으로 나타났다. 또한 ERP와 이후의 언어능력 간 상관의 정도는 언어능력의 유형에 따라 다르게 나타났으며, 읽기유창성이나읽기속도, 음운인식능력에서비교적강한 상관을 보이는것으로나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 본연구는 발달 초기에청각적정보처리시나타나는 ERP가난독증가족력이있는영유아와통제집단을구별할수있는민감한측정치임을보여주었으며, 발달성난독증의조기진단을위한유용한기법으로 ERP가사용될수있을가능성을시사한다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 조경덕, "후천성 한글 난독증의 어휘처리 양상: 읽기, 명명, 쓰기 장애에 대한 사례연구를 중심으로" 한국언어청각임상학회 7 (7): 1-20, 2002
• 2 조혜숙, "한국어 후천성 음운성 실독증의 특성" 한국언어청각임상학회 20 (20): 570-586, 2015
• 3 배세령, "말소리장애아동의 새로운 음운표상 형성 능력" 한국언어청각임상학회 21 (21): 24-36, 2016
• 4 Van Leeuwen, T., "Two-month-old infants at risk for dyslexia do not discriminate/bAk/from/dAk: a brain-mapping study" 21 (21): 333-348, 2008
• 5 Squires, N. K., "Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man" 38 (38): 387-401, 1975
• 6 Darki, F., "Three dyslexia susceptibility genes, DYX1C1, DCDC2, and KIAA0319, affect temporo-parietal white matter structure" 72 (72): 671-676, 2012
• 7 Ramus, F., "Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults" 126 (126): 841-865, 2003
• 8 Chomsky, N., "The sound pattern of English" Harper & Row 1968
• 9 Pennington, B. F., "The science of reading: a handbook" Blackwell 453-472, 2005
• 10 White, S., "The role of sensorimotor impairments in dyslexia: a multiple case study of dyslexic children" 9 (9): 237-255, 2006
• 11 Torgesen, J. K., "The prevention of reading difficulties" 40 (40): 7-26, 2002
• 12 Wagner, R. K., "The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills" 101 (101): 192-212, 1987
• 13 Näätänen, R., "The mismatch negativity: a powerful tool for cognitive neuroscience" 16 (16): 6-18, 1995
• 14 Williams, J., "The genetics of developmental dyslexia" 14 (14): 681-689, 2006
• 15 Rosenthal, R., "The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results" 86 (86): 638-641, 1979
• 16 Farmer, M. E., "The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: a review" 2 (2): 460-493, 1995
• 17 Critchley, M., "The dyslexic child" Heinemann Medical 1970
• 18 Näätänen, R., "The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: a review and an analysis of the component structure" 24 (24): 375-425, 1987
• 19 Van Zuijen, T. L., "Temporal auditory processing at 17 months of age is associated with preliterate language comprehension and later word reading fluency: an ERP study" 528 (528): 31-35, 2012
• 20 Ozernov‐Palchik, O., "Tackling the ‘dyslexia paradox’: reading brain and behavior for early markers of developmental dyslexia" 7 (7): 156-176, 2016
• 21 Cohen, J., "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1988
• 22 Werker, J. F., "Speech perception in severely disabled and average reading children" 41 (41): 48-61, 1987
• 23 Steffens, M. L., "Speech perception in adult subjects with familial dyslexia" 35 (35): 192-200, 1992
• 24 Vellutino, F. R., "Specific reading disability (dyslexia): what have we learned in the past four decades?" 45 (45): 2-40, 2004
• 25 Wanzek, J., "Research-based implications from extensive early reading interventions" 36 (36): 541-561, 2007
• 26 Stanovich, K. E., "Refining the phonological core deficit model" 3 (3): 17-21, 1998
• 27 Duval, S., "Publication bias in meta-analysis: prevention, assessment and adjustments" John Wiley & Sons 127-144, 2005
• 28 Elbro, C., "Predicting dyslexia from kindergarten: the importance of distinctness of phonological representations of lexical items" 33 (33): 36-60, 1998
• 29 Molfese, D. L., "Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses" 72 (72): 238-245, 2000
• 30 Kuhl, P. K., "Plasticity of development" MIT Press 73-106, 1991
• 31 McBride-Chang, C., "Phonological processing, speech perception, and reading disability: an integrative review" 30 (30): 109-121, 1995
• 32 Snowling, M. J., "Phonemic deficits in developmental dyslexia" 43 (43): 219-234, 1981
• 33 Shaywitz, S. E., "Overcoming dyslexia: a new and complete science-based program for reading problems at any level" Knopf 2003
• 34 Leppänen, P. H., "Newborn brain event-related potentials revealing atypical processing of sound frequency and the subsequent association with later literacy skills in children with familial dyslexia" 46 (46): 1362-1376, 2010
• 35 Ramus, F., "Neurobiology of dyslexia: a reinterpretation of the data" 27 (27): 720-726, 2004
• 36 Friederici, A. D., "Neural manifestation of cognitive and precognitive mismatch detection in early infancy" 13 (13): 1251-1254, 2002
• 37 Van Leeuwen, T., "Mismatch response is absent in 2-month-old infants at risk for dyslexia" 17 (17): 351-355, 2006
• 38 Näätänen, R., "Mismatch negativity: the measure for central sound representation accuracy" 2 (2): 341-353, 1997
• 39 Winkler, I., "Mismatch negativity: deviance detection or the maintenance of the ‘standard’" 9 (9): 3809-3813, 1998
• 40 Lee, S. H., "Mismatch negativity is a stronger indicator of functional outcomes than neurocognition or theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia" 48 : 213-219, 2014
• 41 Cheour, M., "Mismatch negativity and late discriminative negativity in investigating speech perception and learning in children and infants" 6 (6): 2-11, 2001
• 42 Higgins, J. P., "Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses" 327 (327): 557-560, 2003
• 43 Lohvansuu, K., "Longitudinal interactions between brain and cognitive measures on reading development from 6 months to 14 years" 108 : 6-12, 2018
• 44 Shankweiler, D., "Language by ear and by eye: the relationships between speech and reading" MIT Press 293-317, 1972
• 45 Carr, T. H., "Language and literacy: comparative approaches" Routledge 267-294, 1995
• 46 Centanni, T. M., "Knockdown of the dyslexia-associated gene KIAA0319 impairs temporal responses to speech stimuli in rat primary auditory cortex" 24 (24): 1753-1766, 2013
• 47 McGee, T., "Is it really a mismatch negativity? An assessment of methods for determining response validity in individual subjects" 104 (104): 359-368, 1997
• 48 Van Zuijen, T. L., "Infant ERPs separate children at risk of dyslexia who become good readers from those who become poor readers" 16 (16): 554-563, 2013
• 49 Torgesen, J. K., "Individual differences in response to early interventions in reading: the lingering problem of treatment resisters" 15 (15): 55-64, 2000
• 50 Plakas, A., "Impaired non-speech auditory processing at a pre-reading age is a risk-factor for dyslexia but not a predictor: an ERP study" 49 (49): 1034-1045, 2013
• 51 Olson, R. K., "Handbook of orthography and literacy" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 707-722, 2006
• 52 Finucci, J. M., "Genetic aspects of speech and language disorders" Academic Press 157-167, 1983
• 53 Fucci, D. J., "Fundamentals of speech science" Allyn & Bacon 1999
• 54 Galaburda, A. M., "From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia" 9 (9): 1213-1217, 2006
• 55 Vogler, G. P., "Family history as an indicator of risk for reading disability" 18 (18): 419-421, 1985
• 56 DeFries, J. C., "Familial nature of reading disability" 132 (132): 361-367, 1978
• 57 Stanovich, K. E., "Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: the phonological-core variable-difference model" 21 (21): 590-604, 1988
• 58 Guttorm, T. K., "Event-related potentials and consonant differentiation in newborns with familial risk for dyslexia" 34 (34): 534-544, 2001
• 59 Neville, H. J., "Event-related potential studies of cerebral specialization during reading. I. Studies of normal adults" 16 (16): 300-315, 1982
• 60 Alho, K., "Event-related brain potential of human newborns to pitch change of an acoustic stimulus" 77 (77): 151-155, 1990
• 61 Mather, N., "Essentials of dyslexia assessment and intervention" John Wiley & Sons 2012
• 62 Dehaene-Lambertz, G., "Electrophysiological evidence for automatic phonetic processing in neonates" 12 (12): 3155-3158, 2001
• 63 Sharma, M., "Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence of auditory processing deficits in children with reading disorder" 117 (117): 1130-1144, 2006
• 64 Čeponienė, R, "ERPs differentiate syllable and nonphonetic sound processing in children and adults" 42 (42): 391-406, 2005
• 65 Beaton, A., "Dyslexia, reading and the brain: a sourcebook of psychological and biological research" Psychology Press 2004
• 66 Shaywitz, S. E., "Dyslexia" 338 (338): 307-312, 1998
• 67 Tallal, P., "Dynamic auditory processing, musical experience and language development" 29 (29): 382-390, 2006
• 68 Van Herten, M., "Differences in AERP responses and atypical hemispheric specialization in 17-month-old children at risk of dyslexia" 1201 : 100-105, 2008
• 69 Bonte, M. L., "Deviant neurophysiological responses to phonological regularities in speech in dyslexic children" 45 (45): 1427-1437, 2007
• 70 Bishop, D. V., "Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: same or different?" 130 (130): 858-886, 2004
• 71 Démonet, J. F., "Developmental dyslexia" 363 (363): 1451-1460, 2004
• 72 Hulme, C., "Developmental disorders of language learning and cognition" John Wiley & Sons 2009
• 73 Liu, H. M., "Developmental changes in mismatch responses to Mandarin consonants and lexical tones from early to middle childhood" 9 (9): e95587-, 2014
• 74 Coltheart, M., "Deep dyslexia is right-hemisphere reading" 71 (71): 299-309, 2000
• 75 Volkmer, S., "Cortical responses to tone and phoneme mismatch as a predictor of dyslexia? A systematic review" 191 : 148-160, 2018
• 76 Leppänen, P. H., "Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia. II. Group effects" 10 (10): 969-973, 1999
• 77 Pihko, E., "Cortical responses of infants with and without a genetic risk for dyslexia. I. Age effects" 10 (10): 901-905, 1999
• 78 Van Leeuwen, T., "Cortical categorization failure in 2-month-old infants at risk for dyslexia" 18 (18): 857-861, 2007
• 79 Dehaene-Lambertz, G., "Common neural basis for phoneme processing in infants and adults" 16 (16): 1375-1387, 2004
• 80 Muter, V., "Children at familial risk of dyslexia: practical implications from an at‐risk study" 14 (14): 37-41, 2009
• 81 Van Bergen, E., "Child and parental literacy levels within families with a history of dyslexia" 53 (53): 28-36, 2012
• 82 Bradley, L., "Categorizing sounds and learning to read: a causal connection" 301 (301): 419-421, 1983
• 83 Jahanshad, N., "Brain structure in healthy adults is related to serum transferrin and the H63D polymorphism in the HFE gene" 109 (109): E851-E859, 2012
• 84 Von Koss Torkildsen, J., "Brain responses to lexical-semantic priming in children at-risk for dyslexia" 102 (102): 243-261, 2007
• 85 Leppänen, P. H., "Brain responses to changes in speech sound durations differ between infants with and without familial risk for dyslexia" 22 (22): 407-422, 2002
• 86 Giard, M. H., "Brain generators implicated in the processing of auditory stimulus deviance: a topographic event‐related potential study" 27 (27): 627-640, 1990
• 87 Guttorm, T. K., "Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) measured at birth predict later language development in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia" 41 (41): 291-303, 2005
• 88 Egger, M., "Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test" 315 (315): 629-634, 1997
• 89 Kujala, T., "Basic auditory dysfunction in dyslexia as demonstrated by brain activity measurements" 37 (37): 262-266, 2000
• 90 Tallal, P., "Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children" 9 (9): 182-198, 1980
• 91 Kraus, N., "Auditory neurophysiologic responses and discrimination deficits in children with learning problems" 273 (273): 971-973, 1996
• 92 Brunswick, N., "Auditory event-related potentials, dichotic listening performance and handedness as indices of lateralisation in dyslexic and normal readers" 18 (18): 265-275, 1994
• 93 Luck, S. J., "An introduction to the event-related potential technique" MIT Press 2014
• 94 Satz, P., "An evaluation of a theory of specific developmental dyslexia" 42 (42): 2009-2021, 1971
• 95 Lyon, G. R., "A definition of dyslexia" 53 (53): 1-14, 2003