성인 여성의 운동참여 빈도와 신체구성 및 혈관 염증관련 지표의 관련성 = Association of weekly frequency of exercise participation with body composition and inflammatory markers in Korean women

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated the effects of nutrition, hormone and exercise type in modulating lipid metabolism during exercise. However, there is no study of relationship between exercise frequency and inflammatory markers until recent. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of weekly frequency of exercise participation with body composition and inflammatory markers in Korean women.
Methods: We studied 58 Korean women who volunteered in a health promotion program. Subjects were divided into 2 groups as active (n = 31, above 3 days/week) and non -active (n = 27, 1~2 days/week) group based upon frequency of exercise participation during 3 months. We measured anthropometric factors (BMI, Percent body fat, WHR, and Abdominal fat area by CT scanning), BP, physical fitness, blood levels of glucose, lipids, fibrinogen, CRP, leptin, HbA1c and carotid intimamedia thickness (IMT: via ultrasonography). Statistical analysis was performed by 2 way repeated ANOVA for group and time, and paired t-test was used to assess differences between pre and post-test in individual groups as post hoc. Significance was accepted at P < 0.05.
Results: The measures of basic adiposity (Body weight, BMI, Percentage of body fat, Waist circumference) and blood leptin level were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after exercise program in both groups. WHR, blood glucose, TG, CRP, and thigh fat area in active group were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after exercise program, but non-active group showed no significant difference between pre and post-test in these items. A most part of skinfold thickness except for abdomen were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after exercise program in both groups. Active group was significantly (P < 0.05) increased PEI, grip strength, sit-up, and sit and reach after exercise program, whereas non-active group was significantly (P < 0.05) increased grip strength, and sit and reach after exercise program. Visceral fat area no significantly changed after exercise program in both groups, so it may be a difficult to decrease for visceral fat through exercise program in women.
Conclusion: Although regular exercise participation has a positive effects of body composition in adult women, active participation above 3 days per week should perform for protection against development of metabolic syndrome and a significant improvement of physical fitness in adult women.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

연구배경: 운동 중 지방 연소를 조절하는 요인으로는 영양섭취, 호르몬, 운동종목, 운동강도, 운동시간, 운동빈도등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 운동빈도에 따른 비만과 관련한 혈관 염증관련지표의 관련성을 살펴 본 연구는 거의 없는실정이다. 이에 성인여성을 대상으로 운동참여 빈도에 따라 신체구성 및 혈관 염증관련 지표와의 관련성 여부를보고자 하였다.
방법: 12주간의 건강증진 프로그램에 자발적으로 참여한 중년여성 58명을 대상으로 신체활동 적극적 참여군 (n = 31, 3일 이상/1주)과 소극적 참여군 (n = 27, 1~2일/1주)으로 구분하였다. 측정항목으로는 신체구성 (체질량지수, 체지방률, 허리/엉덩이 둘레비, CT촬영에 의한 복부지방면적), 혈압, 건강관련체력 (신체효율지수, 악력, 배근력, 윗몸일으키기, 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기), 혈중 지질변인 및 염증관련 지표 (glucose, lipids, fibrinogen, hsCRP, leptin, HbA1c, PAI-1, PWV and IMT) 등을 측정하였다.
결과: 기본적인 신체특성 (체중, 체질량지수, 체지방률, 허리둘레)과 혈중 렙틴 농도는 두 그룹 모두 운동프로그램 수행 후 유의하게 (P < 0.05) 감소되었다. 허리/엉덩이 둘레비, 혈중 글루코스, 중성지방, 고감도 C-반응성 단백질 , 그리고 대퇴지방은 적극적으로 참여한 그룹에서만 유의하게 (P < 0.05) 감소되었으나, 소극적 참여그룹에서는전․후 비교에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. 피하지방 두께의 경우 복부를 제외한 거의 모든 항목에서 두 그룹 모두유의하게 (P < 0.05) 감소하였다. 체력은 적극적으로 참여한 그룹은 신체효율지수, 악력, 윗몸일으키기, 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기에서 유의하게 (P < 0.05) 증가한데 반해 소극적 참여그룹은 악력과 앉아윗몸앞으로굽히기에서만 유의하게 (P < 0.05) 증가하였다. 내장지방 면적은 두 그룹 모두 운동프로그램 후 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다.
결론: 주 1~2회 정도의 소극적으로 12주간 운동프로그램에 참여하더라도 체중, 체질량지수, 체지방률, 피하지방두께 및 신체둘레에서 유의하게 감소되어 신체구성에는 효과가 있는 것으로 판단되며, 주 3회 이상 적극적으로 참여할 경우 신체구성뿐 아니라 대사증후군 예방에도 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 신현호, "지방조직과 고혈압, 동맥경화증." 10 (10): 71-73, 2001
• 2 권정현, "중년비만여성의 지방대사활성을 위한 적정 운동강도의 평가." 13 (13): 65-73, 2005
• 3 김원현, "주당 운동참여 빈도와 일회 운동시 소요시간이 비만,혈중지질 및 신장성장에 미치는 영향" 한국사회체육학회 (21) : 471-480, 2004
• 4 김형진, "제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 당화혈색소와 가장 좋은 상관성을 보이는 일종 혈당치의 비교." 67-75, 2002
• 5 강은석, "제2 형 당뇨병 환자에서 아디포넥틴 유전자의 다형성과 경동맥 내중막두께." 20 (20): 29-39, 2005
• 6 허규연, "제2 형 당뇨병 남자 환자에서 복부 비만과 관련된 인체 계측치들과 경동맥 내중막두께와의 관련성." 13 (13): 377-384, 2003
• 7 김홍규, "인슐린비의존형 당뇨병 환자에서의 혈중 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) 농도." 21 (21): 29-38, 1997
• 8 김현수, "유산소성 및 저항성 복합운동이 비만 여대생의 내장지방에 미치는 영향." 9 (9): 266-275, 2000
• 9 이군자, "운동프로그램이 중년비만여성의 체구성, 체력 및 지질대사에 미치는 효과" 한국간호과학회 35 (35): 1248-1257, 2005
• 10 양정옥, "운동의 생활화가 여성의 혈액 성상에 미치는 영향." 7 : 211-221, 1999
• 11 김인홍, "운동요법, 운동？행동수정요법이 중년 비만여성의 비만도, 혈중지질 및 자아존중감에 미치는 효과" 한국간호과학회 32 (32): 844-854, 2002
• 12 변재철, "신체질량지수 및 혈청 콜레스테롤 수준과 급성염증반응 요인의 관계." 24 (24): 37-43, 2006
• 13 왕석우, "비만유전자 변이 유․무에 따른 12주간의 운동이 대사조절호르몬, 혈중 지질, 신체구성에 미치는 영향." 43 (43): 699-711, 2004
• 14 문유림, "대동맥경화도와 복부지방과의 상관관계." 25 : 28-33, 2004
• 15 박상갑, "당뇨병의 운동요법." 부산, 세종출판사 1997
• 16 체육과학연구원, "국민체육진흥공단." 서울:21세기출판사 1999
• 17 김은정, "고령 여성들의 저항성 운동을 병행한 유산소 트레이닝이 신체조성 및 혈관 염증 반응에 미치는 영향." 44 (44): 441-451, 2005
• 18 Wong M, "Ultrasonic-pathological comparison of the human arterial wall: verification of intima-media thickness." 13 : 482-486, 1993
• 19 Ford C.S, "The role of plasma lipids in carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis." 17 (17): 301-303, 1985
• 20 Schwartz R.S, "The effects of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat dustribution in young and older men." 40 : 545-551, 1991
• 21 Park Y.S, "The effect of obesity in fibrinolytic activity and plasma lipoprotein(a) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea." 24 : 25-31, 1994
• 22 Nathan D.M, "The clinical information value of the glycosylated hemoglobin assay." 310 : 341-346, 1984
• 23 John L, "Socioeconomic status and carotid atherosclerosis." 92 : 1786-1792, 1995
• 24 Considine R.V, "Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans." 334 (334): 292-295, 1996
• 25 WHO, "Report of a WHO Consultation on obesity: Preventing and managing. The global epidemic." Geneva: World Health Organization 1999
• 26 Juhan-Vague K, "Relationships between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1." 13 : 331-336, 1987
• 27 Konuliglu D, "Relationship between plasma leptin and zinc levels and the effect of insulin and oxidative stress on leptin levels in obese diabetic patients." 15 (15): 757-760, 2004
• 28 Wofford J.L, "Relation of extent of extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis as measured by B-mode ultrasound to the extent of coronary atherosclerosis." 11 : 1986-1994, 1991
• 29 Treuth M.S, "Reduction in intra-abdominal adipose tissue after strength training in older women." 87 : 1415-1421, 1995
• 30 Krotkiewski M, "Muscle tissue in obesity with different distribution of adipose tissue." 10 : 331-340, 1986
• 31 Boden G, "Monitoring metabolic control in diabetic outpatients with glycosylated hemoglobin." 92 : 357-360, 1980
• 32 Woodman R.J, "Measurement and application of arterial in clinical research: focus on new methodologies and diabetes mellitus." 9 : RA81-RA89, 2003
• 33 Despres J.P, "Loss of abdominal fat and metabolic response to exercise training in obese women." 261 : E159-E167, 1991
• 34 Williams P.T, "Lipoprotein subfractions of runners and sedentary men." 35 (35): 45-52, 1986
• 35 Romolo F.R, "Lipid metabolism during exercise." 26 : 29-42, 1998
• 36 Candelise L, "Italian multicenter study on reversible cerebral ischemic attacks: Ⅲ--influence of age and risk factors on cerebrovascular atherosclerosis." 15 : 379-382, 1984
• 37 Kim S.S, "Important of exercise in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy: its triglyceride-lowing effect." 5 (5): 180-192, 2002
• 38 Jackson A.S, "Generalized equations for predicting body density for men." 40 : 497-504, 1979
• 39 Vague P, "Fat distribution and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity in non diabetic obese women." 38 : 913-915, 1989
• 40 Kohrt W.M, "Exercise training improves fat distribution pattern in 60- to 70-year-old men and women." 47 : M99-M105, 1992
• 41 Higashi Y, "Exercise and endothelial function: Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and hypertensive patients." 102 : 87-96, 2004
• 42 Despres J.P, "Evidence for a regional component of body fatness in the association with serum lipids in men and women." 34 : 967-973, 1985
• 43 Treuth M.S, "Effects of strength training on total and regional body composition in older men." 77 : 614-629, 1994
• 44 Treuth M.X, "Effects of strength training on intraabdominal adipose tissue in obese prepubertal girls." 30 : 1737-1742, 1998
• 45 Watson A.M, "Effect of leptin on cytochrome P-450, conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in the ob/ob mouse." 27 (27): 695-700, 1999
• 46 Amer P, "Differences in lipolysis between subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues." 27 : 425-427, 1995
• 47 Wilding J, "Diabetes and obesity. In: Kopelman PG, editor. Clinical obesity." Oxford: Blackwell Science 308-349, 1998
• 48 Upton S.J, "Comparative physiological profiles among young an middle-aged female distance runners." 16 (16): 67-71, 1984
• 49 Adams M.R, "Carotid intima-media thickness is only weakly correlated with the extent and severity of coronary artery disease." 92 : 2127-2134, 1995
• 50 Siri W.E, "Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods. In J. Brozek, & A. Hensxhe (Eds), Techniques for measuring body composition." Washington, DC: National Academy of sciences National Reseach Council. 1961
• 51 Geffken D.F, "Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population." 153 : 242-250, 2001
• 52 Burke G.L, "Arterial wall thickness is associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study." 26 : 386-391, 1995
• 53 Safar M.E, "Aortic pulse wave velocity: an independent marker of cardiovascular risk." 11 : 295-298, 2002
• 54 Blacher J, "Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients." 33 : 1111-1117, 1999
• 55 장지선, "12주간 복합운동이 비만 및 당뇨병을 가진 중년여성의 신체구성 및 동맥경화지표에 미치는 영향." 15 (15): 105-116, 2006