Increasing Efficiency for Energy Sustainability and Reduced Environmental Footprint = Increasing Efficiency for Energy Sustainability and Reduced Environmental Footprint
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2013
작성언어
-KDC
500
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
92-93(2쪽)
제공처
Increasing efficiency offers near term solution for energy sustainability and reduced environmental foot print. In power generation more than 60% of the energy is wasted so that only about 35 (characteristic) to 50% (high end) of the energy is used for chemical to electrical energy conversion. For given energy demand increase in energy conversion efficiency offers less energy use, reduced amounts of total pollutants including CO2 and increased energy sustainability. In this paper clean energy production form various kinds of fuels for sustainable energy production will be provided. Our ongoing efforts at the University of Maryland on various kinds of fuels (fossil, alternative and biomass and wastes) has allowed us to determine novel means for clean energy conversion at higher efficiency with minimal environmental footprint. It is now well understood that carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that provides direct contributions to global warming of our plant. Although there are other contributors to global warming but the share of CO2 is significant. Most of the CO2 is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and our use of fossil fuels has been increasing due to increased activity and population. The carbon during the combustion process is converted to CO2 with the subsequent release of thermal energy. In the USA most of the electricity is produced from fossil fuels, with coal being the highest. The demand for electricity continues to grow in the developed countries with significant more in some of the developing countries, such as China and India. This has resulted in dramatic increase in global ambient concentrations of CO2. Significant efforts are being pursued to curtail the emission of CO2 or capture and store it in order to maintain the ambient concentrations to some acceptable levels. The contributions to the CO2 emissions by fuel type in 2006 were 19.4% gas, 38.5% oil, and 41.7% coal. China is now the dominant emitter of CO2, having caught up with the USA in 2006 (5697 Mt for USA and 5606 MT for China), with the two countries accounting for 40.3% of the global emissions. Various goals have been proposed for the reduction guided by the desire to stabilize global CO2 concentrations at levels that would constrain the global temperature rise above pre-industrial levels to 2 degrees C. Temperature rise above this level from the climate change are projected to be severe. Clean energy harvesting from various kinds solid fuels including low grade fuels is a challenge as direct combustion of such fuels provide rather high and unacceptable levels of pollutants emission including smoke and particulates and the conversion efficiency to electric power is low. In addition all solid fuels results in fouling and deposition of the combustion chamber and heat exchange equipment resulting in decreased efficiency and performance. The health hazardous trace components and large amounts of char and tar produced results in low energy recovery efficiency. In an effort to develop clean and efficient combined heat and power system one must reform the solid fuel fuels to clean chemical energy at high efficiency. Advanced high temperature steam assisted gasification technology offers reforming of solid fuels (coal and wastes) to clean syngas fuel. In traditional gasification systems the solid fuel material is partly combusted with air under starved combustion conditions so that much of the carbon in the fuel is converted to carbon monoxide in the syngas. This process results in large amounts of char and tar and must be removed prior to the use of syngas in combustors and engines. In addition the process results in large amounts of nitrogen in the syngas so that the heating value of the syngas produced is rather low. The advanced gasification process provides enhanced reformation of solid fuel to syngas using ultra high temperature steam so that the solid biomass fuel is not combusted but rather converted to syngas with the simultaneous alleviation of nitrogen gas from the syngas. Furthermore the syngas produced is of high hydrogen content and minimum char and tar. Biomass and agricultural wastes offer much potential for its use to energy. The CO2 helps to grow biomass so that its grater use assists in both the CO2 problem and renewable energy utilization. Gasification of solid fuels is a good solution for not only the energy problem that also offers environmentally benign solution at high efficiency. In this presentation the production of clean fuels and electric power generation with specific role of renewable energy will be presented. Examples of advanced power generation will be provided that are focused on clean and efficient energy conversion with focus on efficiency and pollutants emission including CO2.
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