영어 차용어에 대한 연구 = A Study on the Loan words of English
저자
이동구 (인문과학대학 영어영문학과)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1991
작성언어
Korean
KDC
040.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
9-43(35쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Throughout fifteen hundred years of long history of the English language, the present day English reflects many centuries of changes and development. Political, social, and historical event had a great influences on English. English, as the family of Indo-European Language, belongs to Germanic group with which German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish and Norweigians share similar many words.
From historical point of view, the origin of English vocabulary is composed of tree types of words and word elements: the Native Words (those derived from Old English, the hanguage spoken by Anglo-Saxons), the loan Words(those from any other languages). This thesis deals mainly with the first two types in researching the Loan Words of English.
Native Words used by Anglo-Saxons are purely and overwhelmingly Germanic and they have thousands of words formed by combination that indicates no foreign influence, and such words are a feature of Old English. The Native Words were generally adequate to the life of the times, and it took a social cataclysm, the Norman Conquest ocurred in 1066, to open it after more than a century to any large number of foreign words. Once the process had begun, however, the vocabulary grew rapidly an English acquired the decided appetite for foreign words while it has exhibited ever since. A large number of the Native Words died or survived in dialects use only. The resulting shrinkage, as well as the new borrowings, sharply reduced the relative number of Native Words in total.
Yet it is a stricking fact that these Native Words are still at the core of English vocabulary which represents fundamental things: the numerals up to a thousand: the most intimate family relations, father, mother, brother, sister, and son, (while uncle and cousin are loaned): most natural phenomena such as water, day, night, summer, winter, moon, and star though sky, autumn, and a few others are loaned. native Words are generally characterized by directness, familiarity, brevity, plainness and they will often happens that the accurate and the familiar word is also native ones.
Four languages have contributed such extensive shares to the English words striken as to deserve particular attention. These are Latin, Greek, French, and Scandinavians. Anglo-Saxons, while they were in the European continent, contacted with Latin civilizationand horrowed some vocabularies. The introduction of Christianity to England in the sixth century by St. Augustine brought English to Latin civilization and added the vocabularies concerned with religion.
The Norman Conquest in 1066 exerted a great Influence of English. As Normans spoke French, governing classes and people in the high society employed French on almost all occasons. During this period, English loaned thousends of French words. The expansion of the British Empire, and the growth of commerce and industry, science and literature, have contributed largely to English what it is today.
Between 750 and 1050, the Danes made frequent inroads to england, and from 1017 and 1042 Danish King ruled a part of England which is called the Viking Age. They brought many vocabularies into English and have influenced the grammatical structure in some way; but Danes were themselves a Germanic people, closey related to the English, so that these changes did not affect the general character of English. English also loaned words a great deal from the Romance Language which are derived from Latin: a great many words come to English fror French, some from theer languages.
As a result, English shares a great number of words with many languages of Europe, such as Latin, French, Danish, ItaIan, Spanish and Protugueses, words as "ancient", "spirit" are from Latin, "tradegy", "democracy", "philosophy", from Greek, "restaurant", "programme", "government", "sacrament", "lieutenant" are from French, "sky", "skin", "skull" are from Scandinavian, "piano", "duet", "umbrella", from Italian, "armada", "mosquito", "vamoose" from Spanish: "measles". "marine", "skipper" are from Dutch; "paradise", "azure", "caravan" from Persian. English also loaned some words from Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, Hungarian, Indian, Sanskrit, Malayan, Chinese, Korean, Japanese and many other languages. Even American Indian supplied a fairly large number of their vocabularies to English, that is, Ameican English. In general, Loan Words are characterized by "learned", "eloquent", "grandeurs", and "sonority".
The new open door policy of the English language towads foreign words is still in force today. In the 19th century, the British Empire with its outposts throughout the world, contributed to the expansion. By now there are hardly a language from whcih English has not borrowed some words. Population increase, colonists expansion and immigration have made English the most widely used language of the world. Form the 17th to 19th century, England kept on adding new territories to her empire, and lots of non- English speaking immigrants in these new nations adopted English as their mother tongues. Between 1901 and 1910 alone, over thirteen million people emigrated from Europe to the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Today English is not simply the language of many nations, but also the internationaln language of commerce and industry.
In the near future, English vocabulary will increase far more than they are today in accordance with the development of modern sciences and constant contact with many people in the world. Whether lots of vocabularies introduced in English will remain a long life or not, surely depend on th mind and attitudes of English speaking people in the world.
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