ICJ의 物的管轄과 殘餘管轄條項 = Jurisdiction ratione materiae of the ICJ and residual jurisdiction clauses

국문 초록 (Abstract)

국제법원들의 수가 점차 늘어남에 따라 동일한 국제법상의 문제에 대한 판례의 충돌 가능성과 아울러 그 관할권의 충돌 가능성이 각국 외교실무자와 국제법학계의 관심사로 대두되었다. 국제법원들의 관할권이 미치는 범위가 서로 다르다면 동일한 사항에 대한 관할권이 둘 이상의 국제법원에 있는 일은 없겠으나, ICJ의 관할권이 미치는 범위는 매우 넓으므로 다른 국제법원과 ICJ 사이에는 관할권의 적극적 충돌이 발생할 수 있을 것이다.
잔여관할조항은 이러한 관할권의 적극적 충돌을 방지하기 위해 고안된 것으로, 특정 국제법원의 관할권을 수락할 때 다른 국제법원의 관할권에 속하는 사항은 그 수락 범위에서 제외하는 조항이다. 잔여관할조항은 PCIJ와 ICJ의 의무적 관할권을 수락하는 선언뿐만 아니라 UN해양법협약 제282조와 같은 현행 조약의 분쟁해결조항에도 포함되어 있으나, 남방참다랑어 사건에서 드러난 바와 같이 잔여관할조항들로 인해 새로운 형태의 관할권 충돌 문제가 발생할 수 있다.
남방참다랑어 사건에서 일본은 이 사건 소송 당사국들이 모두 ICJ의 의무적 관할권을 수락했다는 사실과 UN해양법협약 제282조의 잔여관할조항을 들어 수소법원인 중재법원에 관할권이 없다는 본안전 항변을 제기하면서, 만약 호주와 뉴질랜드가 ICJ에 제소했더라도 그 의무적 관할권 수락 선언에 포함된 잔여관할조항을 들어 다시 ICJ에 관할권이 없다는 본안전 항변을 제기했을 것이라고 밝혔던 것이다. 만약 이 사건 수소법원인 중재법원이 UN해양법협약 제282조를 근거로 관할권을 행사하지 않고 또 ICJ가 일본, 호주, 뉴질랜드의 상기 선언에 포함된 잔여관할조항을 근거로 관할권을 행사하지 않는다면 두 국제법원 사이에는 관할권의 소극적 충돌이 발생하게 된다.
국제법원들 사이의 관계에서는 관할법원을 지정할 직근 상급법원이 없다. 또 현행 국제법상 후소법원이 소송절차를 일시 정지해야 한다거나 전소판결의 기판력이 전소법원 아닌 후소법원까지 구속한다는 확립된 규칙도 없는 것으로 보인다. 결국 잔여관할조항을 삽입하려는 국가로서는 그로 인해 발생할 수 있는 소극적 관할권 충돌 문제의 해결 방안에도 주의를 기울일 필요가 있을 것이며, 잔여관할조항을 포함하는 분쟁해결조항에 후소법원에 의한 그 소송절차의 일시 정지나 후소법원을 구속하는 전소판결의 기판력을 명시하는 것은 그러한 방안의 하나가 될 수 있을 것이다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The proliferation international courts and tribunals raises questions of conflict between these courts and tribunals. Two kinds of conflict might develop: conflict of jurisdiction, which this paper addresses, and conflict of jurisprudence. In view of its wide scope, the jurisdiction of the ICJ may overlap with that of other international courts or tribunals.
A residual jurisdiction clause, which excludes those disputes which the parties thereto have agreed or shall agree to submit to some other procedure from the jurisdiction of the international court or tribunal in question, has been regarded as an effective way to avoid the possible conflict of jurisdiction between international courts and tribunals. While such a clause has been used in a number of declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ as well as in dispute settlement clauses contained in treaties, residual jurisdiction clauses themselves might cause a new type of jurisdictional conflict.
In the Southern Bluefin Tuna case, Japan has invoked the residual jurisdiction clause in Article 282 of the UNCLOS to prevent the Arbitral Tribunal from exercising its jurisdiction. And it has also declared that to prevent the ICJ from exercising its jurisdiction it would invoke before the ICJ the residual jurisdiction clauses in the declarations made by the parties to the instant case accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ. In such a situation, negative conflict of jurisdiction would occur between international courts and tribunals.
In the relations among international courts and tribunals, there is no higher court io resolve the possible conflict of jurisdiction. It seems doubtful whether the judgment of the first-in-time international court or tribunal on preliminary questions binds the second-in-time one as a res judicata. In this respect, negative conflict of jurisdiction between international courts and tribunals could be avoided by inserting a res judicata clause in treaty provisions or other international instruments conferring compulsory jurisdiction on an international court or tribunal.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. 머리말
• Ⅱ. 국제법원의 다양화와 ICJ의 관할권
• Ⅲ. 잔여관할조항과 소극적 관할권 충돌
• Ⅳ. 다른 국제법원과 ICJ의 관계
• Ⅴ. 맺는말
• 〈국문초록〉
• 〈Abstract〉

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