Neoliberalism and Democracy in South Korea = 한국에서 신자유주의와 민주주의

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 글의 목적은 한국에서 신자유주의와 정치적 민주주의간의 관계를 분석하고자 하는 것이다. 경제위기 극복을 위해 1979년 최초로 도입된 긴축 등 신자유주의 정책은 경제적 어려움을 심화시킴으로써 일련의 민중항쟁을 유발시켜 박정희정권의 몰락으로 귀결됐다. 따라서 신자유주의는 의도하지 않게 민주주의발전의 기회를 제공했는데 이 기회는 신군부의 쿠테타로 사라지고 말았다.
1990년대 김영삼정부는 금융개방 등 보다 강력한 신자유주의정책을 추구했고 이는 불행히도 1997년 외환위기를 불러왔다. 그러나 이 위기는 대선직전에 터져 나와 역사상 최초의 평화적 정권교체를 가능하게 만들어줬다. 신자유주의가 민주주의발전에 기여를 한 것이다. 그러나 중장기적으로는 한국민주주의에 대한 신자유주의의 부정적 효과가 더 크다. 김대중, 노무현정부는 신자유주의를 무비판적으로 추구함으로써 유례없는 양극화를 가져왔고 이는 민주화세력에 대한 대중적 불신을 불러왔다. 그 결과 권위주의적인 냉전세력의 집권을 가능하게 만들었고 이 정권은 민주주의를 공격하고 있다. 또 신자유주의는 사회적 갈등을 심화시켜 민주주의의 중요한 위협으로 부상하고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between neoliberalism and political democracy in Korea. Neoliberal policies introduced to overcome the economic crisis in 1979 accelerated economic hardships, which eventually resulted in the breakdown of the Park Jung Hee regime by triggering popular protests. Neoliberalism unintentionally provided Korea with an opportunity for enhancing democracy, which was unfortunately crushed by another military coup d'etat.
In the mid 1990s, the Kim Young Sam government decided to rely on more intense neoliberal policies, which led Korea to the bigger economic crisis in 1997. The crisis materialized just before the election made a large contribution to Korean democracy by making the first peaceful transfer of power between the parties in Korea possible.
However, in the medium term, the negative effect of neoliberalism is larger. Kim Dae Jung and his successor, Noh Mu Hyun, transformed Korea into a fully bloomed neoliberal economy, and thereby introduced the unprecedented economic polarization which resulted in landslide victories of the authoritarianism oriented conservative party in the 2007 and the 2008 elections. And the new government has initiated a series of attacks against democracy. Besides, neoliberalism intensifies social conflicts in Korea and thereby is emerging as a major threat to Korean democracy.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅱ. Some Thoughts about Neoliberalism and Democracy
• Ⅲ. Neoliberalism and Democracy in Korea
• Ⅳ. Conclusion
• References

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