중대범죄수사청 안보수사에 관한 연구: 미국 FBI 설립 모델을 중심으로 = A Study on the Criminal Investigation Agency ‘Security Investigation’: Focusing on the Establishment Model of the US FBI

국문 초록 (Abstract)

한국형 FBI로 불리는 ‘중대범죄수사청’은 2021년 문재인 정부와 더불어민주당이 검찰이 갖고 있던 중대범죄(6대 형사범죄)를 전담할 수사기관으로 논의를 본격화하며 추진되기 시작하였다. 이 기관은 부패, 경제, 공직자, 선거, 방위사업, 대형참사 사건을 다루게 되며, ‘고위공직자범죄수사처’와 ‘국가수사본부’와 함께 3대 수사기관으로 수사구조를 설계한 것이다. 그런데 최근이재명 정부의 시작과 함께 더불어민주당에서 검찰청을 폐지하고 검찰청의 공판검사는 법무부산하 기소청으로 이동시키며, 수사검사는 행정안전부 산하 중대범죄수사청 수사관으로 재편하여한국형 FBI로 불리는 ‘중대범죄수사청’의 시대가 목전에 있다. 하지만 ‘미국 FBI 설립 모델’과 비교해 볼 때 ‘안보수사(간첩, 이적단체)’는 현재 국회에 발의된 중대범죄수사청의 업무범위에 포함되어 있지 않고 현재 수사현황으로 볼 때, 국가수사본부만으로는 마약유통, 보이스 피싱, 전세사기, 도박사이트, 사이비 종교 등에서 사회적 안정을 위협하는 국가적 피해가 높은 현실이다.
따라서 이 연구에서는 현재 안보범죄에 수사권이 독점되어 있는 국가수사본부 안보경찰관의 수사현황과 북한 체제의 불확실성, 한반도의 완충국 이론을 살펴보았으며, 경찰인재개발원 교육에참여한 안보 수사관을 대상으로 “중대범죄수사청 안보수사국 설립의 필요성”에 관하여 심층적인비조화된 면담(unstructured interview)를 실시하였다. 연구결과, 현재 국회에 발의되어 있는 중대범죄수사청 설치법안에 6대범죄에 ‘안보범죄’를 포함시키는 방향이 필요하다고 하였고, 추가적으로 ‘테러’와 ‘사이버범죄’와 같이 해외연계 범죄의 위협으로 해외정보망을 수사에 활용하기위하여 국가정보원에 사법경찰권 필요성이 제기되었다. 그리고 고위공직자범죄수사처의 수사력을 높일 수 있도록 전문인력을 확충 방안을 논의하였다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The ‘Criminal Investigation Agency’, known as the Korean FBI, began to be promoted in 2021 when the Moon Jae-in government and the Democratic Party of Korea began discussing in earnest the establishment of an investigative agency that would handle serious crimes (six major criminal offenses) previously handled by the prosecution. This agency will handle corruption, economy, public officials, elections, defense projects, and major disasters, and its investigative structure was designed as three major investigative agencies along with the ‘Corruption Investigation Office for High-ranking Officials’ and the ‘National Investigation Headquarters.’ However, with the recent start of the Lee Jae-myung government, the Democratic Party of Korea abolished the Prosecutor’s Office, moved its trial prosecutors to the Prosecution Service under the Ministry of Justice, and reorganized its investigative prosecutors into investigators at the Serious Crimes Investigation Service under the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, and the era of the ‘Serious Crimes Investigation Service’, known as the Korean FBI, is just around the corner. However, compared to the establishment model of the US FBI, ‘security investigation (espionage, subversive organizations)’ is not included in the scope of work of the Serious Crimes Investigation Agency currently proposed to the National Assembly, and considering the current status of investigations, the National Investigation Headquarters alone is in a state of great national damage that threatens social stability in drug distribution, voice phishing, jeonse fraud, gambling sites, and pseudo-religions. Therefore, this study examined the current status of investigations by the National Investigation Headquarters security police officers who have exclusive investigative authority for security crimes, the uncertainty of the North Korean regime, and the theory of a buffer state on the Korean Peninsula, and conducted in-depth unstructured interviews with security investigators who participated in the Police Human Resources Development Institute training on the “Need for the establishment of the Serious Crimes Investigation Agency security investigation bureau.” The research results suggested that the bill to establish the Serious Crimes Investigation Service currently pending in the National Assembly should include ‘security crimes’ in the six major crimes, and additionally, the need for the NIS to have judicial police powers was raised in order to utilize overseas information networks for investigations due to the threat of overseas-related crimes such as ‘terrorism’ and ‘cybercrime.’ In addition, measures to expand professional manpower were discussed to enhance the investigative power of the Senior Civil Servants’ Corruption Investigation Service.