우리나라 村落環境의 綜合的 診斷硏究 = The Integrated Village Environment in Korea
The goal of this study is collective understanding of integrated village enviroment in Korea. As an attempt toward this, we analyze the formation, spatial structure, and natural and socio-economic environment of viliages, and clarify the formation and construction of the places where inhabitants get their expriences of environment. In particular, we study four villages in the central districts:Three of them are teaditional clan -villages, which are currently disorganizing, while one is the new clearing-village which has been formed cince 1930's, in the process of the forest clearing by Japanese colonization company.
We investigate the producton and living environment, with emphasis on the formation process and spatial composition of the villages. In order to have personal experience, we attach importance to participant observation, and use interviews, questionnaires, investigation of literatures and clan registers, and statistical analysis. The results of this study can be cummarized as follows:
1. According to the village ledger of Unified Shilla, natural villages in Korea appear to have formed in the 8th century, in the beginning of the medieval age. villages in the ancient age were presumabiy the lowest unit in the regional organization, which was intrinsically of administrative unit. Since the 16th century, most villages seem to have developed as clan-villages, which appeared after the standards of ancestral rites were established.
2. It is also revealed that the three clan-villages studied here formed after the 15th century. In general, a mother clan village originallh formed by a long distance family migration derived several branch clan villages from it in the myeon (township) area.
In this case, the number of clan villages is nerly epual to that of generations of a clan after settlement in that area. Consequentiy, a village should be regarded as a social (kin) unit as well as an enological living unit. On the other hand, forest clearing by Japanese colonization company induced the formation of dispersed settlements as social landscape in coastal eroded regions Such a land clearing-village has undergone the migration of nearby villagers and refugees from North Korea in Korean War, and constructed a social space.
3. A typical village in Koreais located in a dissected walley:There are a stream and a mountain in front and at the back, respectively. The dissected valley possissing a first to third order tributary is utilized as farmland while settlements are distributed in the small eroded aea located on the mountain foot. Such location is detremined in consideration of the use of farmland and water, drainage, heat insulation, and shltering.
4. In Korea the average area of farmland is Known to be 1.2 ha per household household (1989) with the paddy-fleld ration 63.3:36.4. The dominance of paddies over fields is also manifested in this study. The farming area per housghold, of the other hand, exhibits much difference:It is about fibe times larger than the average in Jangsong-ri (長松里) located in inland (6.9 ha) and in Sinsang-ri (新上里) a new clearing-village (4.9 ha), while it is only half the average (0.6 ha) in Jangji-ri(長芝里), which is affected by urbanization and industrialization. Finally, the farming area in Hongbeop-ri(弘法里), located in the hill near the west coast, is slightly smaller than the average. Division and fragmintation of farmland appear to be ubiquitous in all viliages:The number of parcels of farmland per household reaches even 8.3(in Hongbeop-ri), and in some cases they are dispersed as far as 2 ㎞. Such agricltural environmental factors as pettiness of lots, and severe division and fragemintation of farmland, which hinder economical efficiency of agriculture in Korea, are conspicuous.
5. In the sex composition of population, two villages have larger male population, and out-migration of male is in progress. in the case of Jangsong-ri, which has cot been developed, the population composition shows the inwerse-pyramid structure. In contrast, Jangji-ri, located cear urbanized and industrialized regions, displays spindle-shaped-pyramid population composition, characteristic of urban population composition. In the other two villages noticeable out migration of middle age can be observed. All villages but Jangji-ri undergo out-migration than in-migration. Living evironmentw are genecally of poor quality:More than half of the houses are 20 or more old, and almost 20 are even 50 or more years old. Waterworks and sewage are still poor both in quality and in quantity. In contrast with poor living environment, durable consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV's, and telephones are popular.
6. Avillage organized into "ri" or "dong", which is an administrative unit, usually consists of two of three natural settlements. The latter is in turn composed of dums(뜸), which are the smallest condensations of houses. The natural settlemint constitutes the basic unit of environmental experience and community life. Thus the natural settliments can be regarded as fundamintal regions. They result from the social custom of separating living areas via geographical boundaries, forming branch villages from the mother village. Hence the formation of villages in Korea is closely related to the social division of ingabitants represented and signified in space and environment.
In conclusion, this study reveals that formation and spatial structure of a village and characteristics of landscape manifest local experience, which in turn reflects collectively the material life and environmental experience, the social organization, and the value system.
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