문장 처리 능력 발달에서 실행 기능의 역할 재검증: 억제인가 인지적 유연성인가? = Re-examination of the Role of Executive Function in Sentence Processing Development: Inhibition versus Cognitive Flexibility

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Cognitive control hypothesis proposed that 4-5-year-old children’s immature inhibitory control leads children to commit unique interpretation errors in processing a temporary ambiguous sentence. However recent findings showed a tendency of association between cognitive flexibility and children’s sentence processing ability rather than inhibitory control. The present study examined which component of executive function between inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, directly relates to 4-5-year-old children’s sentence processing ability. Using flanker task, children’s cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control were measured. A sentence act-out task was also administered to measure children’s sentence processing abilities. The results showed that cognitive flexibility indexed by sequential congruency effect significantly and uniquely contributed to children’s sentence interpretation errors, after controlling age, working memory, and abilities processing unambiguous sentences. By contrast, inhibitory control was not related to sentence processing. These results demonstrate that cognitive flexibility plays a more crucial role than inhibition in the development of child sentence processing ability, suggesting further that active goal/cue monitoring may be an important aspect of sentence processing abilities.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

실행 기능의 하위 요소 중에서 인지적 억제의 미성숙은 만 4-5세 아동들의 문장 해석에서 문장 초기 정보를 억제하지 못하여 오류를 범하게 하고, 문장의 오해석을 수정하지 못하게 하는 주요한 원인이라는 가설이 제기되어 왔다. 그러나 그 간의 축적된 연구들에서는 문장 처리 능력과 억제 능력 발달 사이의 직접적인 관계보다는 인지적 유연성과의 관련성이 더 많이 관찰되어 왔고, 두 요소 중 어떤 요소가 직접적으로 기여할 수 있는지를 검토한 연구가 없었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 만 4-5세 한국어 습득 아동들의 문장 처리 발달에 실행 기능의 어떤 요소의 발달이 기여하는 지를 보다 체계적으로 검토하였다. 아동들에게 중의적인 문장을 들려준 후, 문장의 의미를 시연하게 하여 문장 해석의 정확도를 측정하였고, 플랭커 과제를 통해 억제와 인지적 유연성을, 청각 작업 기억 과제로 작업 기억을 측정하였다. 회귀 분석 결과, 연령과 문장 처리 능력의 개인차를 통제하고도 4-5세 아동의 문장 해석 오류에 인지적 유연성은 유의하게 고유한 기여를 하였으나 억제 능력의 설명력은 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 최근 실행 기능 발달에서 억제보다 목표 탐지 능력의 발달이 중요하다는 가설과 더불어 문장 처리 발달에서도 억제보다는 목표나 규칙의 변화를 꾸준히 탐지하면서 인지적으로 유연할 수 있는 정도의 발달이 보다 중요할 수 있음을 시사한다.

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