인도의 문화다양성에 관한 헌법적 수용과 편입 = Acceptance and Incorporation of the Cultural Diversity in the Constitution of India

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

India is a multi-cultural country with diverse social and cultural elements and a federated country as unit of state. The Constitution of India sets secularism and democracy as the basic identity of the state and guarantees the freedom and equality of all individuals and all groups regardless of religion, caste and language. For this reason, the Constitution of India basically consists of provisions having secularist tendencies. Meanwhile, the Constitution of India contains some provisions that indicate cultural differences as well as cultural discrimination due to the wide social and cultural diversity based on religion, caste and languages.
A constitutional acceptance or incorporation of cultural diversity are basically derived from the distinction between mainstream and minority groups based on various factors as like religion, caste and language in Indian society. And two streams of Indian nationalism, liberal conservatism and social conservatism, deepened into the distinction between mainstream and minority groups in the issue of national unity. The distinction between mainstream and minority groups by these two aspects was often politically considered the same meaning as the distinction between Hindu and non-Hindu.
In the process of constitutional enactment, the provisions for protection of certain group as like religious minority, linguistic minority, Schedule Caste(SC), Scheduled Tribe(ST), Other Backward Class(OBC) were adopted or incorporated into the Constitution of India in order to harmonize the two conflicting national goals between ‘national integration’ and ‘protection of cultural diversity’. However, constitutional provisions containing a will of the national integration have been mainly concentrated on mainstream of Hindu. Such provisions are in conflict with the preamble of the Indian Constitution, which has same legal effect such as the general provisions of the Constitution.
Accordingly, this paper firstly examines the background of the constitutional acceptance or incorporation of cultural diversity. And this paper analyzes the constitutional provisions that show differences and discrimination of cultural diversity though various legal perspectives. Consequently, this paper analyzes the unique feature of the constitution and its legal conflicts in accepting cultural diversity into the Constitution. In addition, it also proposes legal alternatives for the establishment of advanced democracy in India.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

인도는 다양한 사회문화 요소를 가진 다원(多元)문화 국가이자 연방 국가이다. 인도 헌법은 세속주의와 민주주의를 국가의 기본정체성으로 설정하고 있으며 종교, 카스트, 언어와 관계없이 모든 개인과 집단의 자유와 평등을 헌법에서 보장하고 있다. 이러한 이유로 인도 헌법은 기본적으로 세속주의 성향의 규정들로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 종교, 카스트, 언어에 따른 폭넓은 사회·문화의 다양성으로 인해 문화의 차이를 인정하는 조항뿐만 아니라 문화적인 차별을 나타내는 조항들도 인도 헌법에는 존재한다.
문화다양성을 수용 혹은 편입한 헌법조항들은 다양한 종교, 카스트, 언어 등의 다양한 사회·문화적 요인을 바탕으로 한 인도 사회에서의 주류집단과 소수집단의 구별에서 비롯되었다. 국가통합에 대한 논의과정에서 인도 민족주의자들의 자유보수주의와 사회보수주의의 두 양상은 주류집단과 소수집단의 구별을 심화하였다. 이 두 양상에 의한 주류집단과 소수집단의 구별은 정치적인 면에서 종종 힌두와 비(非)힌두의 구분과 동일한 의미를 가지기도 하였다.
헌법제정과정에서는 ‘국가통합’과 ‘문화다양성 보호’라는 상충하는 두 국가목표를 조화롭게 실현하기 위해 종교적 소수집단(Religious Minorities), 언어적 소수집단(Linguistic Minorities), 지정카스트(Scheduled Castes)와 지정부족(Scheduled Tribes), 후진계층(Other Backward Classes)과 같은 특정집단의 보호 규정들이 헌법에 수용되거나 편입되었다. 하지만 국가통합의 의지를 담은 헌법 규정들은 주로 주류집단인 힌두 중심으로 구성되어 있다. 이들 규정들은 헌법의 본문 조항과 동일한 법률효력을 가지는 인도 헌법 전문(前文)의 취지와는 법률적으로 충돌한다.
따라서 먼저 인도 문화다양성이 헌법 규정에 수용 혹은 편입된 배경을 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 문화다양성이 수용 혹은 편입된 헌법 규정을 다양한 법률 시각에서 검토함으로써 문화다양성을 수용 혹은 편입함에 따라 나타나는 인도 헌법의 독특한 특징과 법률 충돌을 분석하고자 한다. 더불어 인도가 선진 민주주의 체계를 확립하기 위해 나아가야 할 법률적 대안과 방향도 제시하고자 한다.

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