KCI등재
하와이 한인사회의 항일민족운동(1903~1909. 1) = The Anti-Japanese National Movement of the Korean Community in Hawaii(1903~1909. 1)
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2004
작성언어
-주제어
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
65-110(46쪽)
제공처
The Hawaiian Korean had been committed to the self-help among Korean people and the extension of their rights and interests, organizing Donghoe(洞會) at the regional farms from 1903. Soon Hyun(玄楯) formed a Jajohoe(自助會) on to lead self-governmental activities.
In 1903, students and Methodists in Hawaii set up New Peoples Society(新民會) in order to stop the Japanese aggression in the nick of the national crisis, raking as its mottoes brethren unity, intellectual enlightenment, political renovation, the Society founded a branch in Kapaa, Kauai, the first political body of the Hawaiian Korean community, but it was later disbanded on April 20th, 1904, due to the lack of modernized political consciousness, conflicts between the Protestants and Buddhists, and opinion splits over the fund-raising.
From 1905 on when Japan shifted into the high gear toward the colonialization of Korea, the Hawaiian Korean community began to resist it actively. As a result, several national movement bodies were formed, which endeavored to promote fraternity among Korean residents and launched some campaigns like the refusal of Japanese currencies, promotion of martial arts, or national rights retrieval movement.
Korea was virtually reduced to the Japanese colony in 1907 when Japan dethroned Kojong(高宗) and, capitalizing on the dispatch of the special envoy to the Hague Peace Conference, disbanded the Korean army. Korean people in Hawaii felt to bring together their powers, and the result was that the thirty representatives from twenty-four Korean organizations in Honolulu, united to form Haninhapseonghyuphoe(韓人合成協會) on September 3, 1907. Jaganghoe(自强會), Jeonheunghyuphoe(電興協會) launched separate activities but joined it later respectively in the 1908 spring and on January 25, 1909. The newly born organization came to play a pivotal role for the Hawaii area Korean national movements.
Haninhapseonghyuphoe inspired the national consciousness through the publication of Habseongsinbo(合成新報) and voiced the strategy of the military actions for independence. In the present paper, due to the severe limitation of data, I delved the detailed recovery of the Hawaii area independent movement, depending mostly on the materials from Habseongsinbo.
Haninhapseonghyuphoe not only promoted the national movements in the USA but also influenced the Korean communities along the north-east Pacific coast area in Russia. From the beginning, the Hawaiian Korean community launched the anti-Japanese movement actively.
In the spring of 1903, Horace N. Allen, the American diplomatic minister to Korea, made a proposal to establish the Korean consulate in Hawaii and Minister of External Affairs Lee Ha-yeong(李夏榮) made the first step to establish the Hawaii consulship in June 1904. But Japan pressed the Korean government to appoint the Japanese emigration superintendent Honorary Korean Consul to Hawaii. As the Korean government was disabled to delegate a consul due to financial shortage. Koreans in Hawaii campaigned to collect the fund for the operation of the consulate from six thousand Koreans in the area. The Korean government, however, was forced in the end to yield to the Japanese pressure May in 1905 and reported the decision to the American government. Then, Koreans in Hawaii submitted a direct petition through their representative, and collected about eight thousand dollars as the fund. Nevertheless, when the American government ratified the Japanese consul as the honorary consul in July 1905, the Korean government was forced to decree on February 16, 1906 that Koreans residents in foreign countries should accept the protection by the Japanese consulship. Against the decision, the Hawaiian Korean community declared their refusal of the decree and accelerated its anti-Japanese movement.
Korean residents in Hawaii held a meeting in Honolulu on July 12, 1905 and made a decision to dispatch their representatives to the Portsmouth Peace Conference and submit a petition for independency
Carrying the letter of introduction to American President written by the US Army Minister William Howard Taft, Representative Yun Pyong-gu(尹炳球) headed for Washington with the traveling expenses collected among Koreans in Hawaii. He went to Roosevelt s country house in Oyster Bay, New York, accompanied by Rhee Syngman(李承晩) as the translater, a then George Washington Univ. student. He presented the petition and claimed the right to attend the peace conference.
President Roosevelt refused its acceptance, demanding that the Korean consulate to America himself be entitled to submit the right for attendance. Yun and Rhee visited the Korean consulate in Washington and asked the deputy consul Kim Yun-jeong(金潤晶) to back up their petition, which he refused on the excuse of no message from the home government. Though Their aim failed, newspapers issued in Korea highly appraised their activities, and Sandong Youth Association(尙洞靑年會) with the lead of Chong Sun-man(鄭淳萬) collected the travel expenses for Yuns participation in Russia-Japanese Peace Conference.
Yun Pyong-gu arrived at San Francisco on Oct 17, and was enthusiastically welcomed by San Francisco Korean residents. The United Korean (KONGLIPSINBO, 共立新報) accused Kim Yun-jeong of neglecting negotiations with the USA government at the critical moment, and Korean communities continued to accuse the Japanese invasion to Korean.
Haninhapseonghyuphoe was combined with Kongliphyuphoe(共立協曾) in the mainland in 1909 to form Korean National Association (Kungminhoe, 國氏會), which launched the fully-fledged national independent movements.
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