『大義覺迷錄』 해석의 역사적 변천에 대한 一考察 — ‘君臣大義’에서 ‘中華大義’까지 — = A Study on the Historical Changes of the Interpretations of Great Righteousness Resolving Confusion – From “great righteousness between sovereign and subject” to “great righteousness of China” –

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changing process of the interpretations of Great Righteousness Resolving Confusion(1729) published by Emperor Yongzheng(1678-1735) of Qing Dynasty over time. The publication and proclamation of the book reflect the emperor's intention to maintain the integration of Qing Empire by confuting the anti-Qing arguments of Han intellectuals based on the traditional idea of the distinctions of Hua(華) and Yi(夷) through the “unification of Hua and Yi(華夷一統)” under the rule of the Manchu Emperors and the emphasis of Confucian “great righteousness between sovereign and subject(君臣大義)” and suturing conflicts among different ethnic groups. The content of the book, however, exerted various effects according to times and situations and was subjected to colorful interpretations. Since middle Qing, the awareness of the unification of Hua and Yi became common under the rule of Qing Empire with Han intellectuals sympathizing with it, but the anti-Qing logic based on the distinctions of Hua and Yi, which Emperor Yongzheng tried to eliminate, managed to survive and was inherited as the anti-Qing slogan of the Revolutionaries in late Qing. The theory of the unification of Hua and Yi in Great Righteousness Resolving Confusion was thus inherited as the Reformists’ arguments for Great Nationalism(大民族主義) and the Republic of Five Peoples(五族共和) in late Qing, but the book was also highlighted for its sharp revelation of the cunning nature of Manchu rulers, who suppressed the nationalist ideas, and the immorality and misrule of Manchu emperors thanks to the emphasis of the revolutionary fact on the cause of “great righteousness between sovereign and subject.” These show that the book's interpretations included both inheritance and criticism.
However, since the 1980s, the book has been highlighted anew as a traditional ideological resource of the theory of unified multi-ethnic Chinese nation in Mainland China. Even a new political interpretation came out that the integration of peoples and the maintenance of territorial integrity was the “great righteousness of China” passed down from the book. The traditional logic of imperial integration, which was argued 300 years ago and demanded loyalty toward the Manchu rulers, is reinterpreted as a theory of national integration for the Chinese unitary multinational state around the Han Chinese today.

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