항공사의 지속가능운영을 위한 TBL(Triple Bottom Line) 효율성에 관한 연구 = A Study on Triple Bottom Line (TBL) Efficiency for Sustainable Operations of Airlines

국문 초록 (Abstract)

코로나19로 인해 항공 운항이 급감했으며, 이는 항공사의 존폐에 영향을 미치는 수준의 매출 감소로 이어졌다. 이와 같은 새로운 환경에서 항공사가 생존하기 위해서는 새로운 전략이 필요하다. 따라서 지속가능운영을 위한 경제(이익), 사회(사람), 환경(지구) 측면인 TBL(Triple Bottom Line) 효율성을 분석함으로써 항공 산업의 위기에 도움을 제공하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 24개 글로벌 항공사들의 2014년부터 2018년까지의 데이터를 수집하고, 국제항공운송협회(IATA: International Air Transport Association)의 분류 기준에 따라 각 대륙의 경제적·사회적·환경적 효율성을 DEA로 분석하였다.
분석 결과, 첫째 글로벌 항공사들은 경제적 효율성에서 TE(Technical Efficiency)와 SE(Scale Efficiency)는 전반적으로 높은 수준이었고 대륙별 차이가 적었다. 사회적 효율성에 있어서도 TE와 SE가 우수한 편이었지만 경제적 효율성보다 낮아서 개선의 여지가 있었고, 경제적 효율성보다 TE에서의 편차가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 환경적 효율성은 TE와 SE가 모두 많이 낮아서 글로벌 항공사들의 환경적 효율성이 시급하게 개선되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 대륙별 효율성을 비교한 결과, 경제적 효율성은 북미 및 캐나다(North America and Canada)의 효율성이 다른 대륙들에 비하여 높았으며, 이러한 결과는 항공사들이 외형 위주의 영업에서 탈피하여 내실 있는 경영을 추구하려는 노력을 보였기 때문으로 판단된다. 대륙별 사회적 효율성의 경우, TE는 북미 및 캐나다(North America and Canada)가 가장 높았고, 그 다음으로 아시아 퍼시픽(Asia Pacific), 유럽 및 러시아(Europe and Russia), 중국 및 북아시아(China and North Asia) 순으로 나타났다. 그에 비하여 SE는 아시아 퍼시픽(Asia Pacific)의 효율성이 가장 높고, 중국 및 북아시아(China and North Asia)가 가장 낮았다. 그에 비하여 대륙별 환경적 효율성은 모든 대륙에 속한 항공사들의 환경적 효율성이 현저하게 낮게 나타나 경제적 및 사회적 효율성과 확연한 차이를 보였다. 마지막으로 개별 항공사의 효율성을 비교한 결과를 바탕으로 경제적·사회적·환경적 효율성 각각에서 가장 낮은 효율성을 보인 항공사가 비효율성을 개선할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 TBL 효율성을 통합하여 분석했다는 점에서 선행연구들과 차별되며, 효율성을 여러 측면에서 분석한 결과는 항공 산업의 이해관계자들에게 효율성 관리에 대한 시사점을 제공한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Due to COVID-19, international and domestic flight demand has been suspended due to the lockdown between countries, and airlines’ revenue generation is rapidly declining, so it is urgent to prepare a strategy to respond to this phenomenon. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) approach can help the aviation industry achieve sustainable operations during a pandemic. The TBL approach is a method of measuring the success of business operations through three dimensions: economic(profit), social(people), and environmental(planet) efficiency. This study measured the TBL efficiency of 24 global airlines from 2014 to 2018 for the sustainable management of global airlines, and according to the classification criteria of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the economic, social, and environmental efficiency of each continent was determined by DEA analysis.
As a result, global airlines had high overall TE (technical efficiency) and SE (scale efficiency) in economic efficiency, and there was little difference by continent. In terms of social efficiency, TE and SE were excellent, but it was lower than economic efficiency and needed improvement. On the other hand, in terms of environmental efficiency, TE and SE were much lower, indicating that global airlines need to improve environmental efficiency most urgently. Second, as a result of comparing the efficiency by continent, the economic efficiency of North America and Canada was higher than that of other continents. This result is believed to be due to the efforts of American and Canadian airlines to pursue substantial management rather than external publicity. In terms of social efficiency by continent, TE was highest in North America and Canada, followed by Asia Pacific, Europe and Russia, and China and North Asia. On the other hand, the environmental efficiency of each continent differed in economic-social efficiency, and the environmental efficiency of airlines in all continents was significantly lower. Lastly, by comparing each airline, we searched for alternatives how to improve the efficiency in the case of the airline that showed the lowest efficiency in each of economic, social, and environmental efficiencies. Since this study integrated and analyzed TBL efficiency, the results of analyzing the efficiency from various angles could provide implications for stakeholders in the aviation industry.

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