유아기 어머니의 양육목표 및 양육피드백이 양육플로우 경험을 매개로 양육 효능감과 양육 만족에 미치는 영향 = The Effects of Parenting Goals and Feedback on Maternal Self-efficacy and Satisfaction, and the Mediating Role of Flow Experience in Parenting

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study was designed to examine roles of parenting goals and feedback as conditions for flow experiences in parenting, investigate the effects of mothers’ flow experiences on parenting self-efficacy and satisfaction, and examine the mediating effects of flow experiences. Data were collected from 651 mothers with children aged 3 to 5 years. Mothers completed self-report questionnaires consisting of four scales. Path analyses showed that both parenting goals and feedback were significant predictors of mothers’ flow experiences. Parenting goals and feedback were also directly associated with parenting self-efficacy. Parenting goals were significantly related to parenting satisfaction; however, parenting feedback did not have a direct effect on satisfaction. In the association among parenting goals, feedback, efficacy, and satisfaction, flow experiences mediated the relationships through their indirect effects on parenting efficacy and satisfaction. These findings confirm that parenting goals and feedback are conditions for flow experience in parenting. Parents may be able to develop or increase the number of their flow experiences, which can enhance their self-efficacy and satisfaction in daily parenting, by fulfilling the conditions associated with these experiences.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 부모의 양육이 긍정적인 경험이 되기 위한 방안을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 플로우(flow) 이론을 바탕으로 양육에서 부모가 가지는 양육목표와 양육피드백이 양육플로우 경험의 조건이 되는가를 확인하고 양육플로우 경험은 양육 효능감과 양육 만족과 어떠한 관계가 있는가를 살펴보았다. 또한 양육플로우 경험이 변인 간을 매개하는 모형을 가정하고 경로를 분석하였다. 연구대상은 서울 및 경기도에 거주하고 만 3-5세 유아를 둔 어머니 651명이었다. 연구에 사용된 측정도구는 1)양육목표 및 양육피드백, 2)양육플로우 경험, 3)양육 효능감, 4)양육 만족 척도로 총 4가지의 자기보고식 질문지로 수집된 자료는 연구 문제에 따라 경로분석을 실시하였다. 설정된 연구모형의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 양육목표, 양육피드백은 양육플로우 경험을 설명하는 예측변인이었다. 둘째, 양육목표는 양육 효능감과 양육 만족에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 변인이었으며, 양육피드백은 양육 효능감에만 직접적인 영향을 보였다. 셋째, 양육플로우 경험은 양육 효능감과 양육 만족에 유의미한 영향을 나타냈다. 넷째, 양육목표와 양육피드백은 양육플로우 경험을 매개로 하여 양육 효능감과 역할 만족도에도 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 연구 결과를 통하여 양육에서 플로우 경험이 가지는 중요성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 양육목표와 양육피드백이 양육플로우 경험을 형성하는 조건으로 작용한다는 점에서 부모 스스로가 능동적으로 양육에서 플로우를 느낄 수 있는 방법을 제공하는 의의를 가진다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 성지현, "한국판 양육 효능감 척도(K-EGSCP)의 타당화 연구: 영역별 양육 효능감과 관련 인지구조 척도" 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 24 (24): 135-150, 2011
• 2 현정환, "한국의 부모자녀관계와 관련된 최근 연구동향과 과제" 7 (7): 95-110, 2007
• 3 김정희, "취업모와 비취업모의 부모역할만족도 및 양육행동" 대한가정학회 44 (44): 115-129, 2006
• 4 최외선, "유아기 자녀를 둔 취업모의 자기효능감과 부모역할만족도에 관한 연구" 4 (4): 87-108, 2007
• 5 김미숙, "유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육 스트레스 및 양육 효능감과 양육 행동과의 관계" 대한가정학회 43 (43): 25-35, 2005
• 6 백지희, "유아기 어머니의 긍정적 양육 경험을 위한 목표, 피드백, 동기 : 양육플로우 경험의 매개 효과" 성균관대학교 대학원 2012
• 7 이주연, "영아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육지식과 양육행동 간의 관계 연구 : 양육효능감의 매개효과 분석" 대한가정학회 47 (47): 35-48, 2009
• 8 이경하, "영아 및 어머니의 사회인구적 특성 변인, 어머니의 양육지식, 양육효능감, 양육스트레스가 영아발달에 미치는 영향" 대한가정학회 47 (47): 87-102, 2009
• 9 김은주, "여대생의 부모기 인식, 부모됨 동기 및 부모역할 동의" 아동간호학회 12 (12): 89-95, 2006
• 10 김경미, "어머니의 양육효능감 및 양육행동, 가정환경과 유아의 학습행동과의 관계" 대한가정학회 48 (48): 15-26, 2010
• 11 이연실, "어머니의 양육행동과 유아의 자기조절과의 관계" 한국정서·행동장애아교육학회 26 (26): 63-90, 2010
• 12 박서영, "어머니의 삶의 만족감 및 양육행동과 남·여 유아의 사회적 유능성간의 관계" 한국인간발달학회 14 (14): 29-51, 2007
• 13 박성혜, "어머니의 부모역할만족도와 유아의 친사회적 행동과의 관계" 한국영유아보육학회 57 (57): 1-21, 2009
• 14 송연숙, "양육스트레스, 양육지식이 양육효능감에 미치는 영향 : 영유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니의 비교연구" 한국열린유아교육학회 13 (13): 181-203, 2008
• 15 이영환, "아버지와 어머니의 부모효능감, 양육지식 및 민감성의 비교연구" 9 (9): 47-62, 2006
• 16 김은진, "아동의 성 및 기질, 남편의 양육지지와 어머니의 심리적 복지감이 걸음마기 아동에 대한 어머니의 양육태도에 미치는 영향" 대한가정학회 47 (47): 71-82, 2009
• 17 이장주, "부자유친성정척도의 제작과 타당화 연구" 한국사회및성격심리학회 17 (17): 87-104, 2003
• 18 박현숙, "부모효능감과 부모-자녀간 의사소통이 부모-자녀 관계만족도와 부모역할만족도에 미치는 영향" 정신간호학회 18 (18): 297-304, 2009
• 19 송진숙송승민, "부모의 양육신념 및 역할만족도와 스트레스에 대한 연구-3~7세 자녀를 둔 부모를 중심으로" 한국생활과학회 16 (16): 933-944, 2007
• 20 문혁준, "부모-자녀 관련 국내학술지 논문의 연구 동향" 한국아동학회 29 (29): 15-31, 2008
• 21 김선희, "보육경험, 어머니의 양육행동 및 교사-유아관계가 유아의 발달수준에 미치는 영향" 한국유아교육학회 28 (28): 185-206, 2008
• 22 윤지원, "미취학 자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육행동 구조모형" 아동간호학회 17 (17): 111-119, 2011
• 23 서혜영, "남성의 일-아버지 역할 갈등과 부모 역할 만족도 및 부모로서의 유능감" 4 (4): 257-280, 1999
• 24 최형성, "남녀아 어머니의 양육효능감과 사회적 지원, 스트레스 및 아동의 기질" 한국아동학회 26 (26): 319-328, 2005
• 25 김아영, "교수몰입 척도 개발 및 타당화" 한국교육심리학회 22 (22): 647-670, 2008
• 26 McIntosh, W. D., "When does goal nonattainment lead to negative emotional reactions, and when doesn't it?: The role of linking and rumination, In Striving and feeling" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 53-77, 1996
• 27 Gable, S. L., "What(and why) is positive psychology?" 9 : 103-110, 2005
• 28 Fredrickson, B. L., "What good are positive emotions?" 2 : 300-319, 1998
• 29 Wells, A. J., "Variations in self-esteem in the daily life of mothers: theoretical and methodological issues" University of Chicago 1985
• 30 Massimini, F., "The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 266-287, 1988
• 31 Mundell, C. E., "The role of perceived skill, perceived challenge, and flow in the experience of positive and negative affect" 61 (61): 2802-, 2000
• 32 Carli, M., "The quality of experience in the flow channels: Comparison of Italian and U. S. students, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 288-306, 1988
• 33 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "The measurement of flow in everyday life: Toward a theory of emergent motivation" University of Nebraska Press 40 : 1993
• 34 Venables, L., "The influence of performance feedback on goal-setting and mental effort regulation" 33 : 63-74, 2009
• 35 Rogatko, T. P., "The influence of flow on positive affect in college students" 10 : 133-148, 2007
• 36 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "The flow experience and its significance for human psychology, In Optimal experience: Studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 15-35, 1988
• 37 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "The evolving self" Harper Collins 1993
• 38 Nakamura, J., "The concept of flow, In Handbook of Positive Psychology" Oxford University Press 89-105, 2002
• 39 Moskowitz, G. B., "The compensatory nature of goal pursuit: From explicit action to implicit cognition, In The psychology of goals" The Guilford Press 304-336, 2009
• 40 Tolli, A. P., "The Role of Feedback, Causal Attributions, and Self-Efficacy in Goal Revision" 93 : 692-701, 2008
• 41 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Talented teenagers: The roots of success and failure" Cambridge University Press 1993
• 42 Diener, E., "Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress" 125 : 276-302, 1999
• 43 Diener, E., "Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index" 55 : 34-43, 2000
• 44 Hoff, E., "Socioeconomic status and parenting, In Handbook of parenting: Vol. 2. Biology and ecology of parenting" Lawrence Erlbaum Association 231-252, 2002
• 45 Morisano, D., "Setting, elaborating, and reflecting on personal goals improves academic performance" 95 : 255-264, 2010
• 46 Wells, A. J., "Self-esteem and optimal experience, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 327-341, 1988
• 47 Bandura, A., "Self-efficacy: The exercise of control" Freeman 1997
• 48 Meunier, J. -C., "Self-efficacy beliefs amongst parents of young children: Validation of a self-report measure" 18 : 495-511, 2009
• 49 Hess, C. R., "Self-efficacy and parenting of high-risk infants: The moderating role of parent knowledge of infant development" 25 : 423-437, 2004
• 50 Jackson, S. A., "Psychological correlates of flow in sport" 20 : 358-378, 1998
• 51 Rochlen, A. B., "Predictors of relationship satisfaction, psychological well-being and life satisfaction among stay-at-home fathers" 9 : 17-28, 2008
• 52 Duke, H. D., "Predictors of parenting satisfaction" 1997
• 53 Seligman, M. E. P., "Positive psychology: An introduction" 55 : 5-14, 2000
• 54 Haworth, J. T., "Positive psychological states in the daily life of a sample of working women" 27 : 345-370, 1997
• 55 Brunstein, J. C., "Personal goals and subjective well-being: A longitudinal study" 65 : 1061-1070, 1993
• 56 Green, C. L., "Parents' motivations for involvement in children's education: An empirical test of a theoretical model of parental involvement" 99 : 532-544, 2007
• 57 Wentzel, K. R., "Parents' aspirations for children's educational attainments: Relations to parental beliefs and social address variables" 44 : 20-37, 1998
• 58 Darling, N., "Parenting style as context: An integrative Model" 113 : 487-496, 1993
• 59 Coleman, P. K., "Parenting self-efficacy among mothers of school-age children: Conceptualization, measurement, and correlates" 49 : 13-24, 2000
• 60 Dix, T., "Parenting on behalf of the child: Empathetic goals in the regulation of responsive parenting, In Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 319-346, 1992
• 61 Dix, T., "Parenting as a goal-regulation process, In Handbook of the dynamics in parent-child relations" Sage 167-187, 2003
• 62 Park, J., "Parental goals and parenting practices of upper-middle-class Korean mothers with preschool children" 7 : 58-75, 2009
• 63 Peterson, C., "Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full versus the empty life" 6 : 25-41, 2005
• 64 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Optimal experience: Studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 1988
• 65 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Optimal experience in work and leisure" 56 : 815-822, 1989
• 66 Rathunde, K., "Optimal experience and the family context, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 342-363, 1988
• 67 Rathunde, K., "Optimal experience and family context of talented adolescents" University of Chicago 1987
• 68 Carver, C. S., "On the structure of behavioral self-regulation, In Handbook of self-regulation research" Academic Press 41-84, 2000
• 69 Coleman, P. K., "Maternal self-efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers’ behavior and developmental status" 24 : 126-148, 2003
• 70 Lerner, J. V., "Maternal role satisfaction, mother-child interaction, and child temperament: A process model" 21 : 1157-1164, 1985
• 71 Rubin, K. H., "Maternal beliefs and children's social competence, In Social competence in developmental perspective" Kluwer 313-331, 1989
• 72 Schunk, D. H., "Learning goals and progress feedback during reading comprehension instruction" 23 : 351-364, 1991
• 73 Franken, R. E., "Human motivation" Wadsworth Publishing 2007
• 74 Custers, R., "How does our unconscious know what we want?: The role of affect in goal representations, In The psychology of goals" The Guilford Press 179-202, 2009
• 75 Bornstein, M. H., "Handbook of parenting: Vol.2. Biology and ecology of parenting" Lawrence Erlbaum Association 2002
• 76 Sheldon, K. M., "Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model" 76 : 482-497, 1999
• 77 Smith, K., "Goal setting, planning, and organizational performance: An experimental simulation" 46 : 118-134, 1990
• 78 Locke, E. A., "Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980" 90 : 125-152, 1981
• 79 Moskowitz G. B., "Goal priming, In The psychology of goals" The Guilford Press 203-233, 2009
• 80 Emmons, R. A., "Goal orientation and emotional well-being: Linking goals and affect through the self, In Striving and feeling: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation" Erlbaum 79-98, 1996
• 81 Inghilleri, P., "From subjective experience to cultural change" Cambridge University Press 1986
• 82 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Flow: 미치도록 행복한 나를 만난다" 한울림 2004
• 83 Csikszentmihalyi, M., "Flow: The psychology of optimal experience" Harpr Collins 1990
• 84 Engeser, S., "Flow, performance, and moderators of challenge-skill balance" 32 : 158-172, 2008
• 85 Asakawa, K., "Flow experience and autotelic personality in Japanese college students: How do they experience challenges in daily life?" 5 : 123-154, 2004
• 86 Larson, R., "Flow and writing, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 150-171, 1988
• 87 LeFevre, J., "Flow and the quality of experience during work and leisure, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 307-318, 1988
• 88 Massimini, F., "Flow and biocultural evolution, In Optimal experience: Psychological studies of flow in consciousness" Cambridge University Press 60-81, 1988
• 89 Martin, L. L., "Five markers of motivated behavior, In Psychology of Goals" Guilford Press 257-276, 2009
• 90 Schunk, D. H., "Extended attributional feedback: Sequence effects during remedial reading instruction" 6 : 55-66, 1986
• 91 Rubin, K. H., "Emotion regulation, parenting, and the display of social reticence in preschoolers" 12 : 97-115, 2001
• 92 Jackson, S. A., "Development and validation of a scale to measure optimal experience: The flow state scale" 18 : 17-35, 1996
• 93 Goodnow, J. J., "Development according to parents: The nature, sources, and consequences of parent's ideas" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc 1990
• 94 Bornstein, M. H., "Competence and satisfaction in parenting young children: An ecological, multivariate comparison of expressions and sources of self-evaluation in the United States and Argentina, In Childhood and adolescence: Cross-cultural perspectives and applications" Greenwood Press 166-194, 2004
• 95 Hockey, G. R. J., "Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health, In Attention: Selection, awareness and control" Clarendon Press 328-345, 1993
• 96 Haworth, J., "Challenge, skill and positive subjective states in the daily life of a sample of YTS students" 68 : 109-121, 1995
• 97 Locke, E. A., "Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey" 57 : 705-717, 2002
• 98 Teti, D. M., "Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The meditational role of maternal self-efficacy" 62 : 918-929, 1991
• 99 Hamilton, J. A., "Attention, personality, and self-regulation of mood: absorbing interest and boredom, In Progress in experimental personality research, 10" 282-315, 1981
• 100 Freeman, M., "Adolescence and its recollection: Toward an interpretive model of development" 32 : 167-185, 1986
• 101 Carver, C. S., "Action, affect, and two-mode models of functioning, In Oxford handbook of human action" Oxford University Press 298-327, 2009
• 102 Locke, E. A., "A theory of goal setting and task performance" Prentice Hall 1990