영국-아일랜드 협력 관계와 북아일랜드의 역사교육 - 유럽지역학 프로젝트(European Studies Project)의 구축, 1984-1986 - = Anglo-Irish Cooperation in Northern Ireland's History Education: The Development of the European Studies Project, 1984-1986

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This article looks into the collaborative effort among the British, Irish and Northern Irish education authorities in establishing a common history curriculum known as the ‘European Studies Project.’ The Margaret Thatcher government, which came into power in 1979, wanted to solve the problems of the Troubles in Northern Ireland in conjunction with the government of the Republic of Ireland. Recognizing the need for reform in the history curriculum in Northern Ireland in order to heal the wounds of a severely divided community, Britain and Ireland decided to develop the European Studies Project whereby six secondary schools each would be chosen from England, Ireland and Northern Ireland, and the students aged 11 to 15 in these schools would study key issues and events in British and Irish history within the context of Europe and then make curricular contact with students and teachers from the other participating regions through joint field work, residential experiences and information technology. To facilitate the running of the Project, a Director was appointed alongside one field officer from each of the three regions to provide support. A Steering Committee composed of the Chairman, the Secretary, an inspector and an alternate inspector from each region and a curriculum expert from each region was also established to oversee the Project's development and to evaluate its progress. A biennial History Seminar, composed of talks given by history education experts and teachers in the field, was set up to help teachers in their participation in the Project. After the preparatory stage of the Project was completed, subjects such as “The Normans,” “Plantation” and “Attitudes to Conflict, 1912-1921” were chosen to be studied in the participating schools where students from different regions were able to exchange their research via residential experiences or computer conferencing.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 논문은 북아일랜드의 역사과 교육과정 개발에 잉글랜드, 아일랜드공화국 그리고 북아일랜드가 공동으로 참여했던 ‘유럽지역학 프로젝트’의 구축 과정에 대해 살펴본다. 1979년에 집권한 영국의 마가렛 대처 정부는 1968년에 시작된 ‘북아일랜드 혼란기’의 폭력 사태와 극도의 사회적 갈등을 아일랜드공화국 정부와의 협조를 통해 해결하고자 하였다. 북아일랜드의 극도로 분열된 사회를 치유하기 위해 영국과 아일랜드공화국 정부는 북아일랜드 학교에서 시행되는 역사과 교육과정의 개혁이 필요하다고 판단하였고, 이에 잉글랜드와 아일랜드공화국 및 북아일랜드에서 각각 6개의 중등학교를 시범적으로 선택한 후, 이에 소속된 11세부터 15세까지의 학생들이 공동 현장 학습, 기숙 교환 및 정보통신 기술 활용을 통해 영국과 아일랜드 역사의 주요한 이슈와 사건들을 유럽이라는 틀 안에서 공부하고 서로 다른 지역의 학생들 및 교사들과 학습 내용을 교류하는 작업을 지원하는 유럽지역학 프로젝트를 출범시키기로 결정하였다. 프로젝트의 원활한 수행을 위하여 총괄책임자 및 각 지역 당 한 명의 현직 교사 출신 현장담당자가 임명되었고, 프로젝트의 전반적인 운영을 평가하고 감독하기 위해 위원장과 총무를 비롯하여 각 지역 당 장학사 1명과 보조장학사 1명, 교육 과정 전문가 1명 등으로 구성된 운영위원회가 설립되었다. 또한 참여 교사들이 학생들에게 더욱 양질의 역사 교육을 제공하는 것을 돕기 위해 영국사 및 아일랜드사 교육과 관련하여 2년마다 한 차례씩 각 프로젝트 참여국을 대표하는 교육감, 역사 교육 관련 학자들 및 역사 교사들이 참가하여 정해진 주제에 대해 발표하고 워크샵을 진행하는 학회가 개최되었다. 이러한 구축 과정을 거친 유럽지역학 프로젝트는 논란의 여지가 있는 역사적 사건을 피하지 않고 전자메일, 컴퓨터 화상 회의 등 정보통신 기술을 활용할 수 있는 기회를 제공한다는 원칙에 따라 “노르만족,” “식민,” “분쟁에 대한 반응, 1912-1921” 등 세 과목을 선정, 참여 학생들이 담당 교사들의 도움을 받아 자기 지역에 존재하는 과목 관련 유적 또는 자료 등을 연구하여 그 결과물을 다른 지역 학교의 학생들에게 기숙 교환 또는 정보통신 기술을 통하여 주고받고 비교 분석을 하는 방식으로 수업을 진행하도록 하였다. 비록 영국의 철수로 공식 출범한지 6년만인 1992년에 만료되었으나 초국경적 협력으로 만들어진 역사과 교육과정을 통하여 북아일랜드의 미래 세대가 더 나은 사회를 건설하기 위한 여건을 마련해 주고 희망을 불어넣어 주고자 했던 유럽지역학 프로젝트의 도전 정신은 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다고 하겠다.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 원태준, "에드워드 히스, 바오로 6세 그리고 북아일랜드의 혼란기" 역사연구소 (82) : 287-324, 2014
• 2 강순원, "분단극복을 위한 북아일랜드 통합교육운동의 역사적 성격" 한국비교교육학회 25 (25): 79-100, 2015
• 3 Luddy, M., "Women in Ireland, 1800-1918: A Documentary History" Cork University Press 1995
• 4 Brocklehurst, H., "Who's Afraid of Children?: Children, Conflict and International Relations" Routledge 2016
• 5 Clodfelter, M., "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015" McFarland and Company 2017
• 6 Newman, D., "Videoconferencing Technology in K-12 Instruction: Best Practices and Trends" IGI Global 2008
• 7 Cochrane, F., "Unionist Politics and the Politics of Unionism Since the Anglo-Irish Agreement" Cork University Press 1997
• 8 Mallinson, V., "The Western European Idea in Education" Pergamon Press 1980
• 9 Coogan, T., "The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace" Palgrave 2002
• 10 Irwin, C., "The People’s Peace Process in Northern Ireland" Palgrave Macmillan 2002
• 11 Pastor-Castro, R., "The Paris Embassy: British Ambassadors and Anglo -French Relations 1944–79" Palgrave Macmillan 2013
• 12 Hutton, C., "The Oxford History of the Irish Book, Volume V: The Irish Book in English, 1891-2000" Oxford University Press 2011
• 13 Kennedy-Pipe, C., "The Origins of the Present Troubles in Northern Ireland" Routldege 2013
• 14 Geraghty, T., "The Irish War: The Hidden Conflict Between the IRA and British Intelligence" Johns Hopkins University Press 2000
• 15 Akenson, D., "The Irish Education Experiment: The National System of Education in the Nineteenth Century" Routledge 1970
• 16 Connelly, M., "The IRA on Film and Television: A History" McFarland and Company 2012
• 17 Tucker, S., "The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia" Garland Publishing 1996
• 18 Ruane, J., "The Dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland: Power, Conflict and Emancipation" Cambridge University Press 1996
• 19 Peled, Y., "The Challenge of Ethnic Democracy: The State and Minority Groups in Israel, Poland and Northern Ireland" Routledge 2014
• 20 Cole, E., "Teaching the Violent Past: History Education and Reconciliation" Rowman and Littlefield 2007
• 21 Smith, M., "Reckoning with the Past: Teaching History in Northern Ireland" Lexington Books 2005
• 22 McEvoy, J., "Power-Sharing Executives: Governing in Bosnia, Macedonia, and Northern Ireland" University of Pennsylvania Press 2015
• 23 Charbonneau, B., "Peacebuilding, Memory and Reconciliation: Bridging Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches" Routledge 2012
• 24 Knox, C., "Peacebuilding in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa: Transition, Transformation and Reconciliation" Macmillan 2000
• 25 Austin R., "Online Learning and Community Cohesion: Linking Schools" Routledge 2013
• 26 Tonge, J., "Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change" Routledge 2002
• 27 Rasnic, C., "Northern Ireland: Can Sean and John Live in Peace? : An American Legal Perspective" Brandylane Publishers 2003
• 28 Doherty, B., "Northern Ireland Since C.1960" Heinemann 2001
• 29 Githens-Mazer, J., "Myths and memories of the Easter Rising: Cultural and Political Nationalism in Ireland" Irish Academic Press 2006
• 30 Campbell, J., "Margaret Thatcher Volume Two: The Iron Lady" Vintage 2008
• 31 Moore, C., "Margaret Thatcher - The Authorized Biography: Volume 1" Penguin 2014
• 32 McKittrick, D., "Making Sense of the Troubles: The Story of the Conflict in Northern Ireland" New Amsterdam 2002
• 33 Martin, M., "Learning by Wandering: An Ancient Irish Perspective for a Digital World" Peter Lang 2009
• 34 Brundage, D., "Irish Nationalists in America: The Politics of Exile, 1798-1998" Oxford University Press 2016
• 35 Coolahan, J., "Irish Education: Its History and Structure" Institute of Public Administration 1981
• 36 Coohill, J., "Ireland: A Short History" Oneworld 2014
• 37 Sanders, A., "Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy" Edinburgh University Press 2011
• 38 Cooper, H., "Identity, Trauma, Sensitive and Controversial Issues in the Teaching of History" Cambridge Scholars Publishing 2015
• 39 McKeown, S., "Identity, Segregation and Peace-building in Northern Ireland: A Social Psychological Perspective" Palgrave Macmillan 2013
• 40 Korostelina, K., "History Education in the Formation of Social Identity: Toward a Culture of Peace" Palgrave Macmillan 2013
• 41 Korostelina, K., "History Education and Post-conflict Reconciliation: Reconsidering Joint Textbook Projects" Routledge 2013
• 42 Psaltis, C., "History Education and Conflict Transformation: Social Psychological Theories, History Teaching and Reconciliation" Palgrave Macmillan 2017
• 43 Nagle, S., "Histories of Nationalism in Ireland and Germany: A Comparative Study from 1800 to 1932" Bloomsbury 2017
• 44 Campbell, S., "Gerry Fitt and the SDLP: ‘In a Minority of One’" Manchester University Press 2015
• 45 Coldrey, B., "Faith and Fatherland: The Christian Brothers and the Development of Irish Nationalism, 1838-1921" Gill and Macmillan 1988
• 46 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "FCO 87/2209"
• 47 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "FCO 87/2203"
• 48 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "FCO 87/2202"
• 49 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "FCO 87/2027"
• 50 The National Archives of the United Kingdom, "FCO 87/2026"
• 51 Austin, R., "E-schooling: Global Messages from a Small Island" Routledge 2008
• 52 Burrell, D., "Direct Rule and the Governance of Northern Ireland" Manchester University Press 2009
• 53 Woodward, G., "Culture, Northern Ireland, and the Second World War" Oxford University Press 2015
• 54 Austin, R., "Britain, Ireland and Europe: Steps to Historical Understanding?" (67) : 1992
• 55 Emmons, D., "Beyond the American Pale: The Irish in the West, 1845-1910" University of Oklahoma Press 2010
• 56 Pearce, R., "Attlee's Labour Governments 1945-51" Routledge 2006
• 57 English, R., "Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA" Pan Books 2004
• 58 FitzGerald, G., "All in a Life: An Autobiography" Gill and Macmillan 1991
• 59 Renwick, R., "A Journey with Margaret Thatcher: Foreign Policy Under the Iron Lady" Biteback Publishing 2013
• 60 Osman, A., "A Framework for Heritage, Multiculturalism and Citizenship Education" Commonwealth Secretariat 2003