덕수1784 “織物馬牌”의 正體와 明 符驗 = Identification of Horse Requisition Cloth (Deoksu 1784) and the Travel Permit from Ming Dynasty
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2015
작성언어
-자료형태
학술저널
수록면
47-70(24쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Housed in the National Museum of Korea, the horse requisition cloth (Deoksu 1784) was certainly a buheom, a certificate for land route travel issued to an official travelling on important missions to be provided with horses from relay stations. This is evident considering its material, shape, woven order of the Ming emperor and era name, mark of the imperial seal, serial number, shape of the horse, and patterns on the border. Written records from Korea and Ming attest that buheoms were made in Ming and issued to the Goryeo and Josean Dynasties for the convenience of travel for envoys from Korea, with this particular artifact being produced in 1390 (second year of King Gongyang, Goryeo).
The first travelling certificates from Ming to Goryeo were issued in 1386 (King Wu 12), comprising eight certificates in total for land and waterway travel. These were diplomatic symbols for coincidence of interests between Goryeo’s desire to end diplomatic relations with Yuan and to begin relations with Ming as a vassal state, and Ming’s awareness towards Goryeo as a necessity for eliminating the Nahachu that remained supportive of Yuan. Those buheoms, however, were returned in 1391 upon Ming’s demand in the attempt to reform the negative effects of the buheom issuance system, and new ones were made in 1390 and issued with serial numbers beginning with different characters.
The chief-envoy of every delegation carried the buheom during each mission, and the system was used for around 240 years until diplomatic relations with Ming ended in the late Joseon period. As the travel permit was a written order of the emperor, the status of the document was very high and it was treated as a valuable possession along with pyojeons, which were one kind of diplomatic documents. Due to its privileged status, deliberate crimes and carelessness against the buheoms were severely punished. Negligent discarding of a buheom was punishable by decapitation, and its loss entailed the severe punishment of 90 lashes and imprisonment for two and a half years. Indeed, there is a recorded case in which an official was stripped of his position after losing a buheom, although it was found almost immediately. It was not simply a certificate of travel guaranteeing the provision of relay horses, but rather a diplomatic symbol between the two countries. Fortunately, when a buheom was lost due to unavoidable reasons such as the sinking of a diplomatic vessel, it was reissued upon sufficient and detailed explanation to the Ming authorities, and on such occasions, Joseon extended its sincere appreciation by offering presents and a pyojeon written by the best writer at the time.
Ming's buheoms, including Deoksu 1784, lost their use and status as diplomatic relations with Ming ended after the Manchu war of 1636, and were preserved in neglect at Sangseowon, the office in charge of seals and insignias. In the late 18th century, Sangseowon possessed four buheoms produced in 1390, including Deoksu 1784, and two produced in 1599. Those made in 1599 were certain to be those reissued in 1631 instead of those lost to storms in 1621 and between in 1630 -1631. However, for reasons unknown, only one of them remained by April, 1811, as confirmed by Bibyeonsa, the Border Defense Council. It is highly possible that the remaining artifact was Deoksu 1784 which was still kept poorly and moved to Gyeongbonggak where Ming's objects were stored after the proposal of jwauijeong, the second state councilor.
The situation and whereabouts of the certificate after its relocation to Gyeongbonggak was unknown, but its artifact card shows that it was purchased from a Japanese antique merchant named Kondo Sagoro in 1909. It is possible it fell into the hand of the Japanese during the troubled times of the Korean Empire. Although these circumstances remain to be fully revealed in the future, Deoksu 1784 was purchased by the Korean Imperial Household Museum from Kondo before its opening and was housed there for a while, then moved to Yi Royal-Family Museum, finally entering into the possession of National Museum of Korea, having drifted through the turbulence of history to the present day.
Deoksu 1784 has high historical value as it shows Goryeo's diplomatic strategy for the changes in the political circumstances of China in the late Goryeo period, and since it was used for several hundred years until the late Joseon period for dealings with Ming. Due to such historical attributes, scarcity of remaining specimens even in China, and their well-preserved state, this artifact is expected to acquire special status as a valuable cultural asset.
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