마태복음의 성전 대체 신학?

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 소고는 지난 2000년 동안 ‘예수’ 혹은 ‘교회’가 예루살렘 성전을 대체하고 있다는 기독교 내의 성전 대체 신학을 마태복음이 지지하지 않는다는 점을 밝힌다. 마태의 파괴된 성전에 대한 긍정적이며 동시에 부정적인 이해는 당시 유대인들의 종말론적 관점에서 이해되어야 한다. 마태는 당시 묵시 문학에서 ‘하나님의 보좌’가 의미하고 상정하는 천상의 종말론적 성전에 대한 유대적 이해를 공유한다.(5:34; 19:28; 23:22; 25:31). 성전의 역사적 중요성과 함께 2차 성전의 파괴와 부재에 대한 다양한 유대적 이해들(구약, 사해 사본, 묵시 문학, 요세푸스와 필로, 1, 2차 유대 전쟁 사이의 전승)은 종말론적 성전에 대한 유대인들의 지속적인 기대를 확인시켜 주는 반면, 성전을 메시야가 대신한다는 종류의 대체 신학을 확인시켜 주지 않는다. 마찬가지로 마태 이전의 바울서신, Q 자료와 마가복음에 나타나는 성전에 대한 언급도 성전 대체 신학의 관점에서 이해되는 것이 자명한 것은 아니다. 이러한 다양한 자료들의 이해는 임마누엘 신학, 예수의 죽음과 ‘에클레시아’에 대한 마태의 관심 자체가 반유대적, 우월적 성전 대체 신학을 지지해 주는 충분한 증거가 되지 못함을 밝혀준다. 마태는 여전히 종말론적 성전에 대한 기대를 통해 청중들에게 예루살렘 성전의 부재(不在)를 이해하도록 돕고 있다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

In light of the conflict among contemporary Jews and the Jewish worldview influenced by apocalyptic eschatology that frequently functioned as a coping mechanism for the loss of the Temple in the post-70 C.E. historical setting, Matthew’s understanding of the destroyed Temple does not support a super-sessionist temple replacement concept base on the function and meaning of Jesus (and his death) or the ekklesia or both. Instead, Matthes’s ambivalent attitude toward the destroyed Temple is better understood from the contemporary Jewish background of belief in the eschatological temple found in Matthes’s references to the throne of God (5:34; 19:28; 23:22; 25:31). Unlike the widespread expectation for the eschatological temple, the idea of Messiah-temple replacement is not attested in any extant Jewish tradition(the Dead Sea Scrolls, apocalyptic literature, and the writings of Philo and Josephus, etc.). In addition, the passages that reference the temple in the Pauline letters, the Q-source, and the Gospel of Mark do not need to be interpreted in terms of temple-replacement theology. Likewise, understanding Jesus’ death as atonement, the so-called Emmanuel theology, and recognizing special reference to ekklesia in Matthew’s Gospel do not historically or exegetically support the temple-replacement concept.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 1. 들어가는 말
• 2. 2차 성전 시대의 서전 대체
• 3. 마태의 성전 대체 신학
• 4. 나가는 말
• 참고문헌
• 초록
• Abstract

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