영역 특수성에 따른 작업기억의 훈련 효과: 메타분석 = Working Memory Training Effects According to Domain-Specificity: A Meta-Analysis

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Working memory(WM) plays an important role in various cognitive tasks. Accordingly, WM training programs have been developed in order to enhance cognitive functions. However, it has been under debate on the effects of the training program. In this study, we performed meta-analyses to test whether WM training programs can improve other cognitive functions based on the domain-specificity of WM. In doing so, we classified previous studies as “congruent” or “incongruent” according to whether the domains of training programs were consistent with those of the measurement tools. As categorized general cognitive task involving measurement task about attention, inhibition, verbal ability and intelligence as well as WM task according to domain specificity, we examined improvement of general cognitive ability when the specific WM domain in the cognitive function was trained. Then, effect sizes were calculated based on statistics reported in the previous studies and meta-analyses were conducted in consideration of measurement periods and participants characteristics. Additionally, Chi square analyses were performed in order to confirm that the domain-specificity could be an important variable in the training effects. The results showed that domain congruency had a great influence on the training effects. The effect sizes were greater when training and measurement domains were consistent than when those were inconsistent, for both of the immediate and follow-up measurements. In addition, the effect of the congruency was greater in the patient groups compared to the normal groups. These findings suggest that the domain-specificity of WM training is an important factor in deciding the effects of the WM training programs.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

작업기억은 다양한 인지 과제에서 핵심기능을 담당한다. 이로 인해 인지 기능 향상을 목적으로 작업기억 훈련 프로그램들이 개발되어 왔다. 그러나 그 훈련 효과에 대해서는 논란이 제기되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 작업기억의 영역 특수성을 바탕으로 하여 메타분석을 수행하여 기존 훈련들의 효과성을 검증하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 선행 연구들에서 사용된 훈련 프로그램에 포함된 작업기억 영역과 측정 도구들이 요구하는 영역의 일치 여부에 따라 연구들을 분류하였다. 이 때, 작업기억 과제뿐만 아니라 주의, 억제, 언어능력, 지능과 같은 일반 인지 능력을 측정하는 과제도 작업기억 영역 특수성에 따라 분류하여, 일반 인지 능력이 포함하고 있는 작업기억을 구체적으로 훈련시키는 것이 인지 능력 향상에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 살펴보았다. 이 후, 각 연구들이 보고한 통계치를 바탕으로 효과크기를 구하고, 측정 시기와 참가자 특성을 고려하여 메타 분석을 실시하였다. 추가적으로 교차분석을 수행하여, 영역 일치 여부가 훈련 효과에 큰 영향을 미칠 변인이 될 수 있음을 확인하고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 작업기억의 영역들의 일치 여부가 훈련 효과에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 훈련한 영역과 측정한 영역들이 일치하지 않는 경우보다 일치할 때 더 큰 효과크기를 보였으며 이는 지연 측정을 수행했던 연구들에서도 나타났다. 또한 영역 일치에 따른 효과성의 차이는 환자 군에서 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 작업기억의 영역 특수성이 훈련 효과에 영향을 미치는 요인임을 시사한다.

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