Conflict Situations Between the Access and Benefit-Sharing and the WTO Regimes and Proposals for Their Resolution

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 논문은 생물다양성협약과 나고야의정서상 접근 및 이익공유 (ABS) 관련 조항과 WTO 협약 간에 충돌이 발생할 수 있는 상황을 살피고 해결책을 모색한다. 우선 본 연구에서는 두 법체제의 긴장관계를 역사적 배경 및 법원칙에서 도출하였다. WTO가 2차대전 이후 승전국이 설립한 브레턴 우즈 체제의 통상법적 기둥이라면, 생물다양성협약의 ABS 규정은 선진국중심의 경제 체제에 반발한 개발도상국의 정치적·경제적 요구사항을 관철하려고 했던 신국제경제질서(New International Economic Order) 운동의 주요 내용을 반영하였다. WTO에서 계승한 GATT의 법원칙이 무역 자유화, 비차별주의 등으로 대표된다면 신국제경제질서는 자원에 대한 국가주권, 공평한 자원 교역조건 확보 등으로 그 시작부터 갈등의 가능성을 품고 있었다.
연구에서는 이어서 현재의 ABS 체제와 WTO 조약간 충돌이 일어날 수 있는 상황을 조항자체의 충돌, 일방 조약상의 권리 및 의무 행사가 다른 조약의 목적을 저해하는 상황, 그리고 한쪽 조약에 따른 조치가 다른쪽 조약을 위반하는 상황 크게 3가지로 나누었다. 양자는 규율하는 영역과 대상이 다른 만큼 조항 자체의 충돌이 발생하지는 않지만, 생물다양성협약과 나고야의정서 자체에서 다른 협약상의 권리 및 의무 행사가 생물다양성에 심각한 피해 또는 위협을 초래할 경우 그러한 다른 협약상의 권리 및 의무 행사에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 가능성을 시사한다. 마지막으로 조치에 의한 위반은 양쪽 협약의 법제화 정도를 생각하면 현실적으로 ABS 조치의 WTO 위반이 가장 문제가 될 소지가 큰데, Tuna-Dolphin과 Shrimp-Turtle 등 관련 패널과 상소기구의 해석을 살펴보면 이들은 다자간 환경협약에 기반하며 투명한 절차를 준수한 환경조치에 상대적으로 호의적인 태도를 보였다. 따라서 본고에서는 ABS와 WTO 간에 발생할 수 있는 충돌 상황의 해법으로 상호 지지적 (mutually supportive) 해석 및 통합적인 ABS 접근을 제시한다.

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

There are inherent tensions between trade liberalization and environmental sustainability, two leading areas of international law. WTO law and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) constitute two major bodies in the international law of trade and environment, and in particular the access and benefit-sharing (ABS) provisions of the CBD which were further specified and refined in the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Nagoya Protocol) have potential for tension due to the possibly trade-restricting potential of the latter body of law. Individual areas of potential conflict between the WTO and the ABS regime have been well-studied, particularly between the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) and the benefit-sharing provisions of the CBD and Nagoya Protocol.
The current study expands on that earlier literature in two ways, first by examining the historical and political background of WTO law and the ABS regime, and second by further breaking down the potential conflict between the WTO and ABS regimes into several different categories and examining each in turn.
The situations of conflict can be broken down into three categories: A textual conflict that makes it impossible for both treaties to be adhered to at once, a situation where a measure under one treaty may violate the other treaty, and a situation where the exercise of rights under one treaty undermine the objectives of the other.
In response to these potential conflicts the paper suggests two solutions: Mutually supportive interpretation at the policymaking stage to avoid violations of or adverse effects on the objectives of other treaties and a harmonized consistent approach to ABS measures.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• Ⅰ. Introduction
• Ⅱ. Historical and Legal Background of the Conflict
• Ⅲ. Conflict Situations Between the WTO and ABS Regimes
• Ⅳ. Conclusion
• 참고문헌
• 국문초록
• Abstract

참고문헌 (Reference)

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