스웨덴 조선산업의 축소와 고용조정 (1974~1987) = The Contraction of the Swedish Shipbuilding Industry and the Employment Adjustment(1974~1987)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

For more than a decade since the mid-1970s, the Swedish shipbuilding industry underwent massive layoffs, and all major shipyards have been closed. In this process, the Social Democratic Workers’ Party of Sweden and the Metal Workers’ Union institutionalized and implemented employment adjustment rules based on the ideology of solidarity and equality. In order to supplement the limitations of traditional active labor market policies, the Employment Protection Act and the Co-determination Act were enacted in the mid-1970s, which strengthened the union’s voice in the employment adjustment process. The unemployment insurance, the old-age pension, and the employment security agreements were institutional arrangements to support employment adjustment in the shipbuilding industry. With these arrangements it was possible to share the cost of employment adjustment for the whole society. The government intervened in the labor demand side to secure employment and played a central role in providing labor market services. In addition, the Swedish Metal Workers’ Union played an important role in preparing restructuring policies. The labor unions at the workplace level participated in the process of formulating employment adjustment policies for each shipyards and played a role as a responsible actor in implementing those policies. The shipyard workers’ unions could succeed to minimize competition between shipyard employees and share employment adjustment costs based on social solidarity. The restructuring and closing down of the Swedish major shipyards is a examplary case of the employment adjustment based on the socal democratic ideology and values, which represents the broadest and highest list of workers’ rights related to employment adjustment in the 20th century.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

1970년대 중반 이후 10여년간 스웨덴 조선산업은 대규모 감원을 겪고 주요 조선소들이 모두 폐쇄되었다. 이 과정에서 스웨덴 사회민주당과 금속노동조합은 연대와 평등의 이념에 기초한 고용조정 규칙을 제도화하고 이를 실천했다. 전통적인 적극적 노동시장 정책의 한계를 보완하기 위해서 1970년대 중반에 고용보호법과 공동결정법이 제정되었고, 이는 고용조정 과정에서 노동조합의 발언권을 강화했다. 그리고 실업보험과 노령연금, 고용안정협약 등이 조선산업의 고용조정을 뒷받침하는 제도적 장치로 기능했다. 이를 통해서 고용조정의 비용을 사회적으로 분담하는 것이 가능했다. 정부는 고용 보장을 위해 노동수요 측면에 개입했고, 노동시장 서비스를 제공하는 과정에서도 중심적인 역할을 담당했다. 또 구조조정 정책이 마련되는 과정에서 금속노동조합이 중요한 역할을 담당했다. 사업장 수준의 노동조합이 조선소별로 고용조정정책이 입안되는 과정에 참가하고, 정책의 집행과정에도 책임있는 행위자로서 역할했다. 이를 통해서 노동자간 경쟁을 최소화하고 사회적 연대에 기초해서 고용조정 비용을 분담하는 노력이 성공적으로 이루어졌다. 스웨덴 조선산업의 축소 과정은 스웨덴 사회민주주의의 이념과 가치에 입각해서 고용조정이 진행된 대표적인 사례로서, 20세기에 고용조정과 관련하여 노동운동이 성취한 가장 폭넓고 수준 높은 노동자권리 목록을 보여준다고 할 수 있다.

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