세계화 시대의 문화적 정체성의 분절과 통합 : 다문화주의'와 '신민족주의'는 병존 가능한가? Multiculturalism? or Neonationalism? = The Segmentation and Integration of Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization
저자
홍석준 (목포대학교 역사문화학부 문화인류학)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
2004
작성언어
Korean
KDC
472.52642
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
205-222(18쪽)
제공처
This paper examines the characteristics and meanings of the segmentation and integration of cultural identity in contemporary Korea in the age of globalization in terms of questioning the interrelationship between multiculturalism and neonationalism. Exactly speaking, it is concerned with the question about "Can multiculturalism be coexisted with neonationlism in global situation?" Thus this paper's subtitle, "multiculturalism? or neonationalism?" has the double meanings in that multiculturalism can or cannot be coexisted with neonationalism according to the different and heterogeneous cultural environment.
In globalizaton process, multiculturalism is an important concept to understand the segmentation and integration of cultural identity among ethnic groups in the world. There are few societies in the world today not marked by multicultural heterogeneity of one kind and degree or another. Those who find themselves in one multicultural context might learn from or illuminate conditions in another. Multiculturalism stands for a wide range of social articulations, ideas, and practices that the "-ism" reduces to a formal singularity, fixing it into a cemented condition, the ideology of "political correctness." Thus converted into the fundamentals of and "-ism," the heterogeneity characteristic of multicultural conditions is reduced to a pat and pedestrian doctrine, the dogma of presumptive correctness easily dismissed as politics hiding in an academic gown.
Cultural identity has framed the theoretical structure for the contests around muliculturalism. Vigorous attention has been given to defining cultural identity. Hegemonic or dominant cultural identities and the exclusions they purport to license have been challenged in terms of cultural difference, of local or particular identities. It has been pointed out commonly that cultural identity can be exclusionary of those who are outside its scope, those who are in no way affiliated. However, cultural identity can also be a bondage within. It can keep people in who don't want to be in. And it can do so by insisting on an essential racial character, or simple by requiring racial solidarity.
It is shown that through the 2002 Worldcup Korea-Japan, multiculturalism stands for a liberating recognition of the heterogeneity of the cultural constitution of contemporary Korean society and to call for an critical retheorizing of the relation of culture and power that would accommodate the cultural identity in Korea. In this form, during 2002 Worldcup it becomes a vantage point for unique critical insights into the nature of contemporary Korean national culture as well as current developments and transformations of Korean culture associated with transnational developments in media technology, commodity consumption, and other political and economic changes through the outcomes of 2002 Worldcup in this year.
Multiculturalism is one manifestation of the postmodernist reaction to the delegitimization of the state and the erosion of the hegemony of the dominant culture in advanced capitalist countries. This weakening of "centers" is part of a material decentering process grounded in the organization of capital on a global scale, manifested in the development of transnational labor, commodity and capital markets, and corporate structure which have reduced the power of transnaional political and social structures to control or protect social groups within the state. As state structures have lost much of their power to control social and economic conditions within their boundaries, and the transnational centralization of political and economic power and exploitation has intensified, people turned to local identity as a means of mobilizing themselves for the defence of their social and political/economic interests. However, on the other hand, It would not be denied that we have seen neonationalism would appear and develop in Korean society during the 2002 Worldcup.
In this paper, I try to argue that the increasing political importance of culture as an ideological vehicle for the new forms of neonationlism has made it a favored idiom of political mobilization for maintenance of central political authorities and hegemonic national cultures. In this respect, the intensification of neonationalism in Korea has overlapped with the rise of identity politics and subcultures of symbolic power among minority groups in Korea in the age of globalization. Especially, through the 2002 Worldcup Korea-Japan, multicultural commitments would seem to suggest a specificity of multicultural conditions to a local social context in Korea, in terms of the clash of two cultures, namely multiculturalism and neonatinalism in Korea. It remains not yet solved that how some features of multiculturalism and neonatinalim are segmented and others of the two different "-ism" integrated in certain ways.
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