퇴계(退溪)의 칠정론(七情論)과 악(惡)의 문제 = Toegye`s view of Seven Feelings and problem of evil

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Toegye considered actual evil of human being and of human world very serious. His way of thinking was based on such an insight of evil, the reason why he attributed Four Beginnings and Seven Feelings respectively to li(理) and ki(氣). In a theoretical respect, li and ki, the original nature and the physical nature are not necessarily opposed to each other. Toegye thought them as something in conflict practically. Ki and the physical nature were used as concepts which express evil tendency and the concept of the Seven was employed to show general corruption of human being. From a practical point of view, Toegye actually recognizes two kinds of feelings, two kinds of natures and two kinds of goodness. Ki is theoretically the possibility of evil but Toegye took it as actuality of evil. Theoretically nature is nothing else than the original nature but in reality the physical nature reigns like another nature in human mind. Theoretically human mind and moral mind are not necessarily conflictual but in real life there is not other way than moral mind to cure human desire of human mind. Theoretically good and evil depend upon choice of free will but actually good or evil is decided at the issuance of feeling. In reality free will of human being is not so free. That`s the reason Toegye mentioned the concept of mind rather than that of will, seeing realization of moral goodness in the extension of the Four which is manifested naturally from mind.