英語語彙의 根源에 對한 考察 = A Study on the Sources of the English Vocabulary
저자
李棟求 (師範大學 外國語敎育科 英語專攻)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1977
작성언어
Korean
KDC
040.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
201-229(29쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Throughout about fifteen hundred years of long history of the English language, the present day English reflects many centuries of changes and development. Political, social, and historical events had a great influence upon English. English, as the family of Indo-European Language, belongs to the Teutonic group with which German, Dutch, Lanish, Swedish and Norweigians share similar many words.
Considered from the point of view of its origin, the vocabulary of English is composed of three types of words and word-elements: the native words(those derived from Oid English, the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons), the borrowed words(those from any other languages) and the newly formed words(those made up at any time from materials already in the languages). This thesis deals mainly with the first two types in pursuing the sources of English vocabulary.
Native words used by Anglo-Saxons are purely and overwhelmingly Germanic and they have thousands of words formed by combination that show no foreign influence, and such words are a feature of Old English. The native words were generally adequate to the life of the times, and it took a social cataclysm, the Norman Conquest, to open it after more than a century to any large number of foreign words. Once this process hnd begun, however, the vocabulary grew rapidly and English acquired the decided appetite for foreign words while it has exhibited ever since. A large number of the native words died or survived in dialect use only. The resulting shrinkage, as well as the new borrowings, sharply rebuced the relative number of native words in the total.
Yet it is a striking fact that these native words are still at the core of English. They represents fundamental things the numerals up to a thousand : the most intimate family relations, Father, mother, brother, son (while uncle, cousin, and such are borrowed): most natural phonomena, water, day, night, summer, winter, moon, star(though sky, autumn, and a few others are borrowed). Native words are generally characterized by directness, familiarity, brevity, and plainness and it will often happens that the accurate and the familiar word is also native ones.
Four languages have contributed such extensive shares to the English word-stock as to deserve particular attention. These are Latin, Greek, French, and Danish(Scandinavian). Anglo-saxons, while they were in the continent, contacted with Latin civilization and borrowed some vocabulary from Latin, the christianizing of England in the sixth century by st, augustine brought English into Latin civilization and made some of additions to the vocabulary.
The Norman Conquest in 1066 exerted a great influence on English. Being French, ruling classes and people in the high society employed French on almost all occasions. During this period English loaned thousand of French words. The expansion of the British Empire, and the growth of commerce and industry, of science an literature, bave contributed largely to English language what it is today.
Between 750 and 1050 the Danes made frequent inroads into England, and from 1017 to 1042 Danish king ruled a parr of England. They brought many words into English and have influenced the grammartical structure somewhat; but Danes were themselves a Germanic people, closely related to the English, so that these changes did not affect the general character of English. English also borrowed a great deal from the Romance Language which are derived from Latin: a great many words come to English from French, and some from the other languages.
As a result, English shares a great number of words with many language of Europe, such as Latin, Greek, Flrench, Danish, Italian, Spanish and Porfugueses. Words like "ancient", "spirit" are from Latin, "tragedy", "democracy", "philosophy" from Greek, "restaurant", "programme", "government", "sacrament", "lieutenant"are from French; "skin", "sky", "skull", are from Scandinavian; "piano", "duet", "umbrella" from Italian : "armada", "mosquito", "paradise", "azure", "caravan" from Persian. English also borrowed some words from Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, Hungarian, Indian, Sanskrit, Malayan, Chinese, Japamese and many other languages. Even American Indians supplied fairly large number of their vocabnlary to English namely. American English. Generally borrowed words are learned and are characterized by the trait of eloquence, grandeurs, and sonority.
The new "open door" policy of the English language toward foreign words is still in force today. In the 19th century the British Empire with its outposts thronghout the world, contributed to the expansion. By now there is hardly a language from which English has not borrowed something. Population increase, colonial expansion and immigration have made English the most widely nsed language of the world. From the 17th to 19th century England dept on adding new territories to her empire, and many non-English speaking immigrants in these new nations adopted English as their mother tongues. Between 1901 and 1910 alone over thirteen million people emigrated from Europe to the United states, Canada, Australia, and New zealand. Today English is not simply the language of many nations, but also the international language of commerce and diplomacy.
In the near future, English vocabulary will increase far more than they are today in accordance with the development of modern science and constant contact with many people in the world. Whether many vccabularies introduced in English will maintain a long life or not, surely depend on the minds and attitudes of English speaking people in the world.
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