우리나라 산림토양의 산성화 민감도평가와 그에 따른 토양 이화학적 특성 비교분석 = Comparison of Soil Physicochemical Properties According to the Sensitivity of Forest Soil to Acidification in the Republic of Korea

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The sensitivity of forest soil to acidification in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was evaluated based on pHH2O, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation (BS). Sensitivity to acidification was categorized into three grades: adequate level (AL, pH ≧ 4.2, CEC ≧ 15cmol/kg, BS ≧ 15%), caution level (CL, at least one indicator is below AL), and severe Level (SL, all three indicators are below AL). Soil samples were collected from the 65 stationary monitoring plots (40 × 40 km2 ), distributed throughout ROK. Only 19% of soil samples were classified as AL, while 66% and 15% were CL and SL, respectively. The median of pHH2O, CEC, BS, and Ca/Al indicator in AL soils was pH 4.64, 20.7cmol/kg, 29%, and 6.3, respectively. Moreover, BCex (K+ , Mg2+, Ca2+) and available phosphorus (AP) concentration compared with a threshold value and molar ratio of BCex and AP to total nitrogen (TN) was high. This indicates that AL soils have a good nutrient condition. The molar Ca/Al ratio, an indicator for toxicity of exchangeable aluminum (Alex), was more than 1, indicating no negative impact of Alex on plant growth.
On the contrary, the median of pHH2O, CEC, and BS in SL soils was pH 4.02, 13.2cmol/kg, and 10%, respectively.
The Ca/Al index was less than 0.6, which indicates that negative impacts of Alex on plants were high. Furthermore, both the concentration of BCex in SL soils and the BCex/TN ratio were the lowest among the three acidity degrees.
This shows that SLsoils can be degraded by soil acidification compared with less acidic soils.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

본 연구는 국내 산림토양을 대상으로 새로운 민감도 평가기법을 활용하여 산림토양 산성화 민감도를 평가하여 3가지등급으로 구분하고, 각 민감도 그룹별 산성화 정도 및 토양 이화학적 특성을 비교ㆍ분석하여 산림토양의 질적 현황을 파악하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 공시토양은 국립산림과학원에서 설치한 산성화 모니터링 고정조사지에서 채취하여 이화학적 특성 분석에 활용하였으며, 산림토양 산성화 민감도는 토양 pHH2O, 양이온치환용량(Cation exchange capacity, CEC), 염기포화도(Base saturation, BS)를 활용하여 평가하였다: ‘양호’(pH≧4.2, CEC≧15cmol/kg, BS≧15%), ‘주의’(1~2개 지표 ‘양호’등급 기준미달), ‘심각’(3가지 지표 모두 미달). 전체 공시토양의 약 19%가 '양호'등급으로 분류되었으며, 66%와 15%는 각각‘주의’와 ‘심각’등급으로 분류되었다. 양호등급의 경우 양분의 상태(치환성 양이온, 치환성 양이온/전질소 몰비), CEC, BS 등 대부분의 토양 인자들이 수목 생육에 적합한 수준인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 주의 및 심각 등급으로 갈수록 토양의 양분, CEC, BS 등의 인자들이 양호등급의 토양보다 유의하게 낮았으며, K+ 등의 필수 영양소가 결핍되는 현상이 나타났다. 또한, 독성물질인 치환성 알루미늄의 농도가 양호등급에 비해 2배 이상 높고, 치환성 알루미늄의 독성발현 가능성을 평가하는Ca/Al지표가 0.6이하로 나타나 산성화로 인해 수목 생육이 저해될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 현상은 토양 산성화로 인한 양분의 용탈 및 치환성알루미늄의 농도 등의 차이 때문으로 사료되며, 주의 및 심각등급의 토양은 산성화로 인한토양의 질적 저하가 진행되고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그러므로 산성화로 인한 산림쇠퇴를 방지하기 위해서는 pH교정을 통해치환성 알루미늄의 유효도를 감소시키고 부족해진 양분을 보충하는 등 토양의 이화학적 환경회복이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

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