KCI등재
小作慣行에 關한 調査 硏究 : 日帝下小作慣行과 對比하여 = Report on the Survey of the General Situation of Tenancy
저자
李佑宰 (國民大)
발행기관
학술지명
농업경영정책연구(Korea Journal of Agricultural Management and Policy)
권호사항
발행연도
1974
작성언어
Korean
KDC
520.000
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
발행기관 URL
수록면
31-67(37쪽)
제공처
소장기관
I. Outline of Surrey
1. Aims of the Survey
Although tenancy is increasing rapidly since the land reform in 1950 and is posing a serious problem to the Korean agriculture, no detailed research had been done so far and no counter measures had been planned.
As the land problem is the most fundamental problem in agriculture, the aim of this survey was to provide basic meterial for a correct understanding and for a solution to the problem.
2. Duration
The survey was started February 28 and finished July 10, 1974.
3. Survey area
The investigation was carried out in 70 villages in 62 counties(Kun) in the 8 provinces and the special city of Seoul; each household leasing land or cultivating rented land was included in the survey.
4. Selection of the villages
Ordinary (without any particularity) villages were selected, in which suitable surveyors could be found. For the selection of the villages as well as of the surveyors an advance-survey was made. To ensure an equal geographic distribution, generally one village in one county was selected, but in a few cases, two villages in one country are included, to compare two areas within the same county.
5. Survey method
Actually, an investigation on tenancy is a very difficult task in the rural areas. Therefore, this survey had to be conducted by people who knew the exact situation in their villages, and to collect all necessary information they made indirect inquiries as well as personal interviews.
6. Standard year
The situation of 1973 was investigated.
Ⅱ. Contents of the Report
1. Number of tenants and composition
1,549,532 families were allotted land during the land reform in 1950. According to the agricultural cencus in 1970, 33.5% of all farmers, which equals a total number of 833,361 farms, cultivated rented land (December 1970). This means, that 53.8% of those farms who had received land under the land reform, became tenants again.
According to this survey, out of 4,554 surveyed farms 1,160 farms -25.5% -are tenants, 227 -5%- are whito-farmers (they are leased the land under the condition of performing the ancestor service). Tenants and whito-farmers together make up for 29.1% or 1,327 farms (Table 1).
There is a difference of 4.4% between the figures of the agricultural census and this survey arising from the different time.
2. Size of the rented land
Rented land (inclusive whito and koji) amounts to 16.4% of the total cultivated land in the survey area.
Total farm land in 1972 is given as 2,123,493.1 ha, 16.4% of this area equals to 348,252 ha. Under the agrarian reform in 1950, 470, 021ha of land had been distributed. 348,252 ha, which are presently cultivated not by the owner of the land are 74.1% of the land distributed under the land reform.
Average rented area per farm household is 1,516 pyong (3,000 pyong=lha). This is about 500 pyong more than they had received under the land reform. Especially, when we consider, that pure tenants cultivate 1, 887 pyong of land and those, who cultivate a small plot of own land, rent 1,916 pyong, and we compare it to the average size of a Korean farm of 2,700 pyong, we see the relative importance.
(도표 1 생략)
note: The numbers in ( ) give the percentage of the total number of farms.
The number in $lt; $gt; indicates the number of farms which are also counted among the tenants.
x Tenant/owner=rented land is more than own land.
xx Owner/tenant=rented land is smaller than own land.
Whito farmer; Takes care of ancestor service instead of paying rent for the land.
Koji farmer; Works the paddy fields during a fixed period, e.g. from plantation to harvest, for a certain amount of money or rice, which he receives beforehand.
3. Changes in the social status of the tenants
Concerning the time of residence of the tenants. 60.6% are native in their present location, 39.4% moved to their present location after 1950, 25.9% out of these after 1960. This fact indicates that after 1960 severe disintegration and deep changes occurred among the farming population. Among the pure tenants, 42.9% moved to their present location after 1960. 70.4% of these pure tenants had been farming before. This means: they could not continue living in their villages and moved to another place.
As shown in table 2, 82.1% of all tenants gave $quot;$quot;farming$quot;$quot; as their former occupation.
Examining the social ascent or descent of the tenants, the survey shows, that 21.3% of the tenants had been landlord or owner-farmer before, while 34.8% had improved their status from a farm hand or a farm labourer or a pure tenant (table 3). Among those who presently cultivate only rented land, 29.6% had been in the same position before the land reform, and this is a very high percentage. 36.3% of the pure tenants are now socially in a lower position than before the land reform, and 54.7% are in the same status.
In the case of the tenant/owners (cultivate more rented land than own land) 49.9% descended to a worse position, 31.6% improved their position and 10.8% remained in the same position. In the case of the owner/tenants (rented land is less than own lard) 22% descended to a lower status, 35.8% raised their status, and 32.3% remained in the same status as before the land reform.
(도표 2 생략)
4. Number of landlords pet one tenant
In 86.6% of all cases of tenancy the tenants rented land from one landlord, 11.2% from 2 landlords, 2.2% from 3 landlords.
Under the Japanese occupation tenants generally rented land from 2 or 3 landlords, in some cases there were as many as 15 landlords. This situation has changed considerably.
5. The landlord
37.4% of the landlords live in the same village as their tenants, 16.2% in a neighbouring
(도표 3 생략)
village, 6.6% in the neighbouring myeon (township), thus 60.2% are residential and 39.8% absentee landlords, about one half of them live in Seoul.
As for the occupation of the landlords: 35.5% are farmers, 16.5% merchants, 9.6% office man, 7.7% government officials. Concerning relations between the landowners and if we include far relatives, who in economic business act like non-relatives, we can say, in 75.4% of the cases landlord and tenant are not related.
6. Time and aim of purchase of the land
On national, 40.9% of the land given on lease was purchased after the land reform.
This figure differs widely in the different provinces and is especially high in Seoul: 68.3% and in Kyonggido: 61.7%.
This shows that recently urban capital purchases a lot of farmland in the vicinity of the cities.
As for the aim of the purchase, 59.4% of the land owners intended to invest their money, 8.4% to speculate in real estate. More than 60% of the land was purchased as means to make money and without regard to agriculture.
7. Type of lease
In 50.4% of the cases, the amount of the rent is fixed previously, without taking into account the actual harvest (in Korean: chongjo-beob). In 44.4% of all tenancy cases, the actual harvest is shared at a previously fixed rate (ta-jo-beob). In 2.2% of the cases, land owner and tenant meet before the harvest, estimate the harvest and discuss and fix the rent based on their estimate. (chip-jo-beob).
During the Japanese days, the first type, where the amount of rent is fixed, was very rare, the second type, where the share is fixed, was absolutely the most applied type.
8. Form, share, and amount of rent
In only 9.6% of all cases the rent is paid in money, 80.7% is paid in kind, in the respective crop, 4.3% in other agricultural products, and still 4.3% is paid in labour.
Under the Japanese rule, rent for paddy land was mostly, more than 90%, paid in rice and less than 10% was paid in money. Surely, it is not correct to compare the figures for paddy land at that time with the figures now, which do not distinguish between paddy and dryland, but as there is no mistake in the content, we compare our findings with the situation at that time, and we can say, there is no great difference. Today also, nearly all rent is paid in kind. When we look at the situation in the different provinces, there is one province where as much as 91.1% is paid in kind, and the lowest figure is for Seoul, where only 53.6% is paid in kind. Generally, an average 0f 62.2% is paid in kind.
One can see great changes between the Japanese days and now as far as the number of tenants, the number of landlords, and the extent and the type of tenancy is concerned, but many of the feudal elements in the general practice are still left over and these are an obstacle to the modernization of agriculture. Such elements appear also clearly in the other obligations, which the tenant has to shoulder.
In the cases, where the harvest is shared at a previously fixed rate, in 79.4% of these cases the rent is 50% of the harvest. In Seoul and Kyonggido, the rent is lower compared to other provinces. In the other provinces (except Seoul and Kyonggido) 80 to 90% of the tenants pay a 50% share.
Under Japanese colonial rule, 72.7% of the tenants paid 50% rent. Compared to those days, there are now more tenants who pay a 50% rent than at that time. But during the Japanese days, there were also tenants who had to pay 70 and 80% of their harvest. Nowadays, there nearly no such cases.
A 50 : 50 share of the harvest is a heavy burden for the tenant and shows the feudal rent remained as before.
Above, we talked about the share of the harvest. Now, the actual amount. In average. the tenants pay 369 l of paddy (unhusked rice) or 206 l of rice for 300 pyong (=lar). The highestamount paid is 630 l of paddy or 390 l of rice. While the lowest is 105 l of paddy or 45 l of rice.
In these latter cases, there is a special relation between the tenant and the land owner. Generally, in the most cases, 200 l of rice are paid for 300 pyong.
Besides of the rent, the tenant has other obligations, too. In some cases, straw is also shared 50 : 50, There are even cases, where extra rent must be paid for the wintercrop.
9. Other obligations
Besides the rent, there are taxes, water fee, seeds, fertilizer, etc. which must be paid for. 37.3% of the tenants pay all agricultural taxes, 9.1% pay half the amount. In only 32.1% of the cases the landlord pays all the taxes. During the Japanese rule, 54% of the landlords paid agricultural and other taxes fully.
As for the water fees, only 6.7% of the landowners pay these fully, and 41.1% of the tenants pay them fully. In 7.2% of the cases, the water fees are shared 50:50. Seeds and fertilizers and other expenses are in nearly all cases met by the tenants.
Compared to the Japanese times, such obligations of the tenants increased. Of course, one may say that because of the high rent at that time, the landlord paid for some of the other expenses, but generally speaking, compared to that time, the expenses of the tenants did not decrease.
10. Time and place of payment of the rent
In 87.1% of all cases the rent is paid after the harvest, in only 10.8% before cultivation.
39.8% of the tenants pay the rent at their home, 25.9% within 1㎞ off their home. Only 17.9% go more than 4㎞ to deliver the rent. Concerning transportation costs, in 24.2% of the cases the landlord takes care of them, in 44.4% the tenants are responsible.
11. Period of lease and type of contract
67.6% fix no period, 26% fix the period, but only for one year. These two cases are practically the same, as $quot;$quot;no fixed period$quot;$quot; means also the contract is valuable for one year. In all these cases the land owner is in a position to cancel the contract any time. The tenant is never sure of his right to till the land and this is of great influence on the productivity of the land.
Under Japanses rule, 70% of the tenancy contracts were made for one year. Actually, more than 93.6% are one year contracts. The period of tenancy, the right to cultivate are serious problems for the tenants, and they often became the reasons for tenancy disputes.
93.2% of the contracts are oral contracts and only 4.1% are in a written form. In our opinion, the reason is that legally tenancy is forbidden.
In the Japanese days 60% of the contracts were in a written form. The content of the contracts at that time was very detailed, the landlords demands from his tenant and the duties of the tenants were expressed in detail and the domination was clearly seen. Today's contracts mostly give only the arrangements concerning the rent, they do not state any interference of land owner.
This treatise is based on the $quot;$quot;Survey report on the actual situation of tenancy$quot;$quot;, published September 1974 by the Korean Catholic Farmers' Movement. The author, at the request of the Korean Catholic Farmers' Movement, had been in charge of the planning and the evaluation of the survey.
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