KCI등재
여행자 문학론 試攷 : 비교문학적 관점에서 = An Introductory Study on Traveller's Literature
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1999
작성언어
Korean
KDC
805.000
등재정보
KCI등재
자료형태
학술저널
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The purpose of this paper lies in studying the theory and significance of 'traveller's literature' by means of analyzing both traveller's tales and other kinds of literary works such as poems and novels based upon foreign experiences.
Korean literary history could in a way be called as 'the history of traveller's literature': it was from literary men of Silla Period studying in T'ang China for literature of the time to start to occupy its own proper position, overcoming its function as official documents. Since then those works produced by envoys who went to Sung, Ming, Ch'ing China and Japan played very important roles in the literary history by influencing their own national literature, spirits and thoughts of the period. Though the values and significances of traveller's literature have already been recognized by many researchers of Korean literature, they could be understood more deeply in the context of comparative literature than national literature, because studying works by foreign travellers was the matters beyond one national boundary.
The concept of traveller's literature is defined as literature, regardless of forms and genres, embodied through writer's direct and concrete experiences of travel. It means that the traveller's literature excludes the literary works describing imaginary voyages as well as those created by indirect travel experiences through books, videos or internet, but does not limit its categories to a special literary genre like traveler's tales.
The key point of the traveller's literature consists in its dual perspectives: one, from the traveller's, the other, from that of the country described. The 'truth' of travelling country considered by perspective of the travellers could be regarded as fallacies and prejudices from the perspective of the country described. In this way there exist all the time conflicts and tensions in the traveller's literature.
Historically Korean people were not permitted to leave the country and travel in foreign countries freely, so foreign experiences were confined to a group of official envoys going to either China or Japan. Therefore, an opportunity of foreign travel was not easy to get; the envoys going abroad depicted their travels as 'Grand Excursion', feeling free like birds which got out of cages. In the classical literature the traveller's literature was centered on works of Korean travellers who experienced the strange, different cultures of foreign countries; they did not hesitate to report the experiences in detail, because their emotional, intellectual and moral impacts were very special. In general conservative people criticized the foreign cultures they experienced barbarous, whereas somewhat progressive ones tended to accept positively new features of travelling country.
At the beginning of Chosun Ming China's envoys considered Chosun 'barbarous land' which belonged to a part of China historically, its people 'eastern barbarian', when they got across Yalu River and made the first step into Chosun land. After arriving to Seoul and beginning associating official-literati of Chosun, however, they eventually could not help admitting the high-level culture the country established and enjoyed for a long time. The change of their attitudes toward Chosun expressed in their poems could be nothing but 'courtesy', that is outward politeness to foreigners, but it is also true the travel had powers to make travellers' already existing fixed thought and prejudice transform. Since the 19th century records describing Korea by foreign travellers appeared, and in their records Korea was described as 'dirty' country, its people idle, irrational, and their clothes funny as well as ridiculous. It meant those foreigners thought 'cleanness' was the most important measure to evaluate a nation's culture, but with such evaluation based upon egocentric standpoints, at the same time provincial and chauvinistic, no one could really appreciate the weight and depth of the prominent spiritual traditions of other countries.
In this regard the most fruitful significance of traveller's literature is to recognize the multiple features of culture. Though Korean envoys regarded Japan of the 18th century as barbarous, they embodied Japanese proper customs, very strange and immoral according to Korean cultural standpoint, beautifully in poems. However, there are also very serious problems in traveller's literature: they are fallacies and prejudices foreign travellers provide. They might have been originated from misunderstanding, but it, even small, would be very dangerous probably to lead the readers to more enlarged one. The prejudice has something to do with national, historical ideas prevailing at that time rather than personal ones; moreover it is not simple one because of its persistent nature. Any case it would be the starting point to proceed to more profound discussions for and against the perspectives; it is in this regard that it can be the vital point and significance of the traveller's literature.
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