Graphene impregnated electrospun nanofiber sensing materials: a comprehensive overview on bridging laboratory set-up to industry

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Owing to the unique structural characteristics as well as outstanding physio–chemical and electrical properties, gra‑ phene enables significant enhancement with the performance of electrospun nanofibers, leading to the generation of promising applications in electrospun-mediated sensor technologies. Electrospinning is a simple, cost-effective, and versatile technique relying on electrostatic repulsion between the surface charges to continuously synthesize various scalable assemblies from a wide array of raw materials with diameters down to few nanometers. Recently, electrospun nanocomposites have emerged as promising substrates with a great potential for constructing nanoscale biosensors due to their exceptional functional characteristics such as complex pore structures, high surface area, high catalytic and electron transfer, controllable surface conformation and modification, superior electric conductivity and unique mat structure. This review comprehends graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) (graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO and graphene quantum dots) impregnated electrospun polymer composites for the electro-device developments, which bridges the laboratory set-up to the industry. Different techniques in the base polymers (preprocessing methods) and surface modification methods (post-processing methods) to impregnate GNMs within elec‑ trospun polymer nanofibers are critically discussed. The performance and the usage as the electrochemical biosen‑ sors for the detection of wide range analytes are further elaborated. This overview catches a great interest and inspires various new opportunities across a wide range of disciplines and designs of miniaturized point-of-care devices.

참고문헌 (Reference)

• 1 C.T. Kenry, Lim, "nanofiber technology: current status and emerging developments" 70 : 1-17, 2017
• 2 D. H. Lee, "Versatile carbon hybrid films composed of vertical carbon nanotubes grown on mechanically compliant graphene films" 22 : 1247-1252, 2010
• 3 J. Dabrowski, "Understanding the growth mechanism of graphene on Ge/Si (001) surfaces" 6 : 31639-, 2016
• 4 A. Pavinatto, "Ultrasensitive biosensor based on polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan/reduced graphene oxide electrospun nanofibers for 17α – Ethinylestradiol electrochemical detection" 458 : 431-437, 2018
• 5 Y. Jiang, "Ultrasensitive analysis of kanamycin residue in milk by SERS-based aptasensor" 197 : 151-158, 2019
• 6 K. I. Bolotin, "Ultrahigh electron mobility in suspended graphene" 146 : 351-355, 2008
• 7 K. S. Novoselov, "Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene" 438 : 197-, 2005
• 8 C. Banbury, "Tuneable metamaterial-like platforms for surface-enhanced raman scattering via three-dimensional block co-polymer-based nanoarchitectures" 11 : 14437-14444, 2019
• 9 H. Ren, "Transfer-medium-free nanofiberreinforced graphene film and applications in wearable transparent pressure sensors" 13 : 5541-5548, 2019
• 10 G. Gedler, "Thermal stability of polycarbonate-graphene nanocomposite foams" 97 : 1297-1304, 2012
• 11 M. E. Darzi, "Thermal and electrical performance analysis of co-electrospun-electrosprayed PCM nanofiber composites in the presence of graphene and carbon fiber powder" 135 : 719-728, 2019
• 12 M. Abbasipour, "The piezoelectric response of electrospun PVDF nanofibers with graphene oxide, graphene, and halloysite nanofillers: a comparative study" 28 : 15942-15952, 2017
• 13 Y. Chong, "The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of graphene quantum dots" 35 : 5041-5048, 2014
• 14 Y. Si, "Synthesis of water soluble graphene" 8 : 1679-1682, 2008
• 15 T. Zhang, "Synthesis of graphene and related two-dimensional materials for bioelectronics devices" 89 : 28-42, 2017
• 16 A. A. Balandin, "Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene" 8 : 902-907, 2008
• 17 Q. Wu, "Supercapacitors based on flexible graphene/polyaniline nanofiber composite films" 4 : 1963-1970, 2010
• 18 F. Hassan, "Study on microstructure and mechanical properties of polydiacetylene composite biosensors" 47877 : 1-14, 2019
• 19 S. F. Braga, "Structure and dynamics of carbon nanoscrolls" 4 : 881-884, 2004
• 20 Y. I. Choi, "Stretchable and transparent nanofiber-networked electrodes based on nanocomposites of polyurethane/reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles with high dispersion and fused junctions" 11 : 4015-4024, 2019
• 21 Y. Che, "Solution-processed graphene phototransistor functionalized with P3HT/graphene bulk heterojunction" 425 : 161-165, 2018
• 22 M. Liu, "Single and polycrystalline graphene on Rh (111) following different growth mechanisms" 9 : 1360-1366, 2013
• 23 L. E. Jasso-Ramos, "Simultaneous intercalated assembly of mesostructured hybrid carbon nanofiber/reduced graphene oxide and its use in electrochemical sensing" 2019
• 24 Y. -L. Huang, "Self-assembly of graphene onto electrospun polyamide 66 nanofibers as transparent conductive thin films" 22 : 475603-, 2011
• 25 X. Wang, "Selective localization of graphene oxide in electrospun polylactic acid/poly(ε-caprolactone) blended nanofibers" 59 : 396-403, 2017
• 26 M. Sprinkle, "Scalable templated growth of graphene nanoribbons on SiC" 5 : 727-, 2010
• 27 Y. Huang, "Scalable manufacturing and applications of nanofibers" 28 : 98-113, 2019
• 28 Q. Liu, "Review:applications, effects and the prospects for electrospun nanofibrous mats in membrane separation" 2019
• 29 W. Wang, "Review-biosensing and biomedical applications of graphene: a review of current progress and future prospect" 166 : B505-B520, 2019
• 30 Y. I. Zhang, "Review of chemical vapor deposition of graphene and related applications" 46 : 2329-2339, 2013
• 31 Y. Guo, "Reduced graphene oxide heterostructured silver nanoparticles significantly enhanced thermal conductivities in hot-pressed electrospun polyimide nanocomposites" 11 : 25465-25473, 2019
• 32 C. Nie, "Recent progresses in graphene based bio-functional nanostructures for advanced biological and cellular interfaces" 26 : 57-97, 2019
• 33 A. Liang, "Recent developments concerning the dispersion methods and mechanisms of graphene" 8 : 33-, 2018
• 34 M. Zhang, "Recent advances in the synthesis and applications of graphene–polymer nanocomposites" 6 : 6107-6124, 2015
• 35 T.T. Tung, "Recent advances in sensing applications of graphene assemblies and their composites" 27 : 1-57, 2017
• 36 J. Peña-Bahamonde, "Recent advances in graphene-based biosensor technology with applications in life sciences" 16 : 1-17, 2018
• 37 Y. Song, "Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors based on graphene two-dimensional nanomaterials" 76 : 195-212, 2016
• 38 G. Gnana Kumar, "Recent advancements, key challenges and solutions in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors based on graphene platforms" 7 : 36949-36976, 2017
• 39 D. Cai, "Recent advance in functionalized graphene/polymer nanocomposites" 20 : 7906-7915, 2010
• 40 S. Dantism, "Quantitative differential monitoring of the metabolic activity of Corynebacterium glutamicum cultures utilizing a light-addressable potentiometric sensor system" 139 : 111332-, 2019
• 41 G. Reina, "Promises, facts and challenges for graphene in biomedical applications" 46 : 4400-4416, 2017
• 42 A. T. Lawal, "Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors" 106 : 149-178, 2018
• 43 D. G. Prajapati, "Progress in the development of intrinsically conducting polymer composites as biosensors" 220 : 1-26, 2019
• 44 D. Silvestri, "Production of electrospun nanofibers based on graphene oxide/gum Arabic" 124 : 396-402, 2019
• 45 J. Bian, "Processing and assessment of high-performance poly (butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites reinforced with microwave exfoliated graphite oxide nanosheets" 49 : 1406-1423, 2013
• 46 H. Abdali, "Preparation of electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers of polyaniline/poly(methyl methacrylate) with amino-functionalized graphene" 9 : 453-, 2017
• 47 C. Liu, "Preparation and electrochemical studies of electrospun phosphorus doped porous carbon nanofibers" 9 : 6898-6906, 2019
• 48 H. Stone, "Preparation and characterization of electrospun rGO-poly(ester amide) conductive scaffolds" 98 : 324-332, 2019
• 49 X. -Y. Wang, "Precision synthesis versus bulk-scale fabrication of graphenes" 2 : 1-10, 2017
• 50 J. K. Y. Lee, "Polymer-based composites by electrospinning: preparation and functionalization with nanocarbons" 86 : 40-84, 2018
• 51 V. Beachley, "Polymer nanofibrous structures: fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions" 35 : 868-892, 2010
• 52 N. A. Kumar, "Polyaniline-grafted reduced graphene oxide for efficient electrochemical supercapacitors" 6 : 1715-1723, 2012
• 53 H. Karimiyan, "Polyacrylonitrile/graphene oxide nanofibers for packed sorbent microextraction of drugs and their metabolites from human plasma samples" 201 : 474-479, 2019
• 54 Z. Rezaei, "Pivotal role of electrospun nanofibers in microfluidic diagnostic systems—a review" 7 : 4602-4619, 2019
• 55 A. Gebrekrstos, "Piezoelectric response in electrospun poly(vinylidene fluoride) fibers containing fluoro-doped graphene derivatives" 3 : 5317-5326, 2018
• 56 M. M. Abolhasani, "PVDF/graphene composite nanofibers with enhanced piezoelectric performance for development of robust nanogenerators" 138 : 49-56, 2017
• 57 Y. -C. Kong, "Oxalic acid assisted expansion–reduction exfoliation of graphene oxide into graphene nanosheets" 231 : 51-55, 2018
• 58 L. Wang, "Onedimensional nanomaterials toward electrochemical sodium-ion storage applications via electrospinning" 2019
• 59 P. Zhang, "One-step synthesis of large-scale graphene film doped with gold nanoparticles at liquid–air interface for electrochemistry and Raman detection applications" 30 : 8980-8989, 2014
• 60 P. Sahatiya, "One-step in situ synthesis of single aligned graphene-ZnO nanofiber for UV sensing" 5 : 82481-82487, 2015
• 61 L. Baraton, "On the mechanisms of precipitation of graphene on nickel thin films" 96 : 46003-, 2011
• 62 W. Tong, "Novel method for the fabrication of flexible film with oriented arrays of graphene in poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)with low dielectric loss" 118 : 10567-10573, 2014
• 63 X. Gu, "Novel electrospun poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene carbonate)/graphene oxide nanofiber membranes for antibacterial applications" 2019
• 64 M. Jahan Biglari, "Novel composite nanofibers based on polyamide 66/graphene oxidegrafted aliphatic- aromatic polyamide: preparation and characterization" 2018
• 65 S. Yang, "New-generation graphene from electrochemical approaches: production and applications" 28 : 6213-6221, 2016
• 66 H. J. Salavagione, "New perspectives on graphene/polymer fibers and fabrics for smart textiles:the relevance of the polymer/graphene interphase" 5 : 1-6, 2018
• 67 J. Ren, "Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) immobilization onto graphene oxide (GO)-incorporated electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membrane for groundwater remediation via gravity-driven membrane filtration" 688 : 787-796, 2019
• 68 C. L. Zhang, "Nanoparticles meet electrospinning: recent advances and future prospects" 43 : 4423-4448, 2014
• 69 S. N. Banitaba, "Nanofibrous poly(ethylene oxide)-based structures incorporated with multi-walled carbon nanotube and graphene oxide as all-solid-state electrolytes for lithium ion batteries" 2019
• 70 S. Jian, "Nanofibers with diameter below one nanometer from electrospinning" 8 : 4794-4802, 2018
• 71 E. Maccaferri, "Morphology, thermal, mechanical properties and ageing of nylon 6,6/graphene nanofibers as Nano2 materials" 166 : 120-129, 2019
• 72 M. V. Jose, "Morphology and mechanical properties of Nylon 6/MWNT nanofibers" 48 : 1096-1104, 2007
• 73 D. G. Papageorgiou, "Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites" 90 : 75-127, 2017
• 74 C. Lee, "Measurement of the elastic properties and intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene" 80 (80): 385-388, 2008
• 75 X. Li, "Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils" 80 (80): 1312-1314, 2009
• 76 D. Zheng, "In situ thermal reduction of graphene oxide for high electrical conductivity and low percolation threshold in polyamide 6nanocomposites" 72 : 284-289, 2012
• 77 M. Ionita, "Improving the thermal and mechanical properties of polysulfone by incorporation of graphene oxide" 59 : 133-139, 2014
• 78 K. Ruan, "Improved thermal conductivities in polystyrene nanocomposites by incorporating thermal reduced graphene oxide via electrospinninghot press technique" 10 : 68-72, 2018
• 79 N. Zheng, "Improved electrical and mechanical properties for the reduced graphene oxide-decorated polymer nanofiber composite with a core-shell structure" 58 : 15470-15478, 2019
• 80 H. Li, "Improved desalination properties of hydrophobic GO-incorporated PVDF electrospun nanofibrous composites for vacuum membrane distillation" 230 : 115889-, 2020
• 81 T. Tite, "Impact of nano-morphology, lattice defects and conductivity on the performance of graphene based electrochemical biosensors" 17 : 1-22, 2019
• 82 F. Li, "Highly sensitive, selective, and flexible NO2chemiresistors based on multilevel structured three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide fiber scaffold modified with aminoanthroquinone moieties and Ag nanoparticles" 11 : 9309-9316, 2019
• 83 R. Asmatulu, "Highly sensitive and reliable electrospun polyaniline nanofiber based biosensor as a robust platform for COX-2 enzyme detections" 20 : 966-974, 2019
• 84 M. Yoonessi, "Highly conductive multifunctional graphene polycarbonate nanocomposites" 4 : 7211-7220, 2010
• 85 Q. Wu, "High-performance supercapacitor electrodes based on graphene hydrogels modified with 2-aminoanthraquinone moieties" 13 : 11193-11198, 2011
• 86 M. M. Abdel-Mottaleb, "High performance of PAN/GO-ZnO composite nanofibers for photocatalytic degradation under visible irradiation" 96 : 118-124, 2019
• 87 T. Niu, "Growth intermediates for CVD graphene on Cu (111): carbon clusters and defective graphene" 135 : 8409-8414, 2013
• 88 S. Cinti, "Graphene-based screen-printed electrochemical (bio) sensors and their applications: efforts and criticisms" 89 : 107-122, 2017
• 89 M. Pumera, "Graphene-based nanomaterials and their electrochemistry" 39 : 4146-4157, 2010
• 90 박철순, "Graphene-based nanoelectronic biosensors" 한국공업화학회 38 : 13-22, 2016
• 91 A. T. Lawal, "Graphene-based nano composites and their applications. A review" 141 : 111384-, 2019
• 92 P. Suvarnaphaet, "Graphene-based materials for biosensors:a review" 2017
• 93 C. Zhang, "Graphene-based electrochemical glucose sensors: fabrication and sensing properties" 30 : 2504-2524, 2018
• 94 S. Taniselass, "Graphene-based electrochemical biosensors for monitoring noncommunicable disease biomarkers" 130 : 276-292, 2019
• 95 I. I. Bobrinetskiy, "Graphene-based biosensors for on-site detection of contaminants in food" 10 : 5061-5070, 2018
• 96 L. Wang, "Graphene-based aptasensors: from moleculeinterface interactions to sensor design and biomedical diagnostics" 143 : 1526-1543, 2018
• 97 R. S. Edwards, "Graphene synthesis: relationship to applications" 5 : 38-51, 2013
• 98 M. Bacon, "Graphene quantum dots" 31 : 415-428, 2014
• 99 M. Yoonessi, "Graphene polyimide nanocomposites; thermal, mechanical, and high-temperature shape memory effects" 6 : 7644-7655, 2012
• 100 D. P. Singh, "Graphene oxide: an efficient material and recent approach for biotechnological and biomedical applications" 86 : 173-197, 2018
• 101 S. Pan, "Graphene oxide-PLGA hybrid nanofibres for the local delivery of IGF-1and BDNF in spinal cord repair" 47 : 651-664, 2019
• 102 J. Kim, "Graphene oxide sheets at interfaces" 132 : 8180-8186, 2010
• 103 Z. Q. Feng, "Graphene nanofibrous foam designed as an efficient oil absorbent" 58 : 3000-3008, 2019
• 104 Ibrahim Khalil, "Graphene metal nanocomposites — Recent progress in electrochemical biosensing applications" 한국공업화학회 59 : 425-439, 2018
• 105 I. Pasternak, "Graphene growth on Ge (100)/Si(100) substrates by CVD method" 6 : 21773-, 2016
• 106 M. Soikkeli, "Graphene biosensor programming with genetically engineered fusion protein monolayers" 8 : 8257-8264, 2016
• 107 C. I. L. Justino, "Graphene based sensors and biosensors" 91 : 53-66, 2017
• 108 N. Chauhan, "Graphene based biosensors—Accelerating medical diagnostics to new-dimensions" 32 : 2860-2882, 2017
• 109 T. Terse-Thakoor, "Graphene based biosensors for healthcare" 32 : 2905-2929, 2017
• 110 A. Nag, "Graphene and its sensor-based applications: a review" 270 : 177-194, 2018
• 111 J. Sengupta, "Graphene and its derivatives for analytical lab on chip platforms" 114 : 326-337, 2019
• 112 Y. Zhu, "Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications" 22 : 3906-3924, 2010
• 113 S. Priyadarsini, "Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application" 8 : 123-137, 2018
• 114 M. Losurdo, "Graphene CVD growth on copper and nickel: role of hydrogen in kinetics and structure" 13 : 20836-20843, 2011
• 115 T. S. Cabral, "Glucose sensing via a green and low-cost platform from electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol)/graphene quantum dots fibers" 14 : 694-699, 2019
• 116 A. H. Davoodi, "GO nanosheets localization by morphological study on PLA-GO electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers" 25 : 16-19, 2018
• 117 C. S. Reddy, "GO incorporated SnO2nanotubes as fast response sensors for ethanol vapor in different atmospheres" 813 : 152251-, 2019
• 118 T. Ramanathan, "Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites" 3 : 327-, 2008
• 119 S. K. Yadav, "Functionalized graphene nanoplatelets for enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethane nanocomposites" 266 : 360-367, 2013
• 120 N. Wongkaew, "Functional nanomaterials and nanostructures enhancing electrochemical biosensors and lab-on-a-chip performances: recent progress, applications, and future perspective" 119 : 120-194, 2019
• 121 S. Agarwal, "Functional materials by electrospinning of polymers" 38 : 963-991, 2013
• 122 C. Cheng, "Functional graphene nanomaterials based architectures: biointeractions, fabrications, and emerging biological applications" 117 : 1826-1914, 2017
• 123 H. Choi, "Free-standing, multilayered graphene/polyaniline-glue/graphene nanostructures for flexible, solidstate electrochemical capacitor application" 2 : 1500117-, 2015
• 124 C. Shan, "Free-standing nitrogen-doped graphene-carbon nanofiber composite mats: electrospinning synthesis and application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries" 2019
• 125 Y. Xu, "Flexible graphene films via the filtration of water-soluble noncovalent functionalized graphene sheets" 130 : 5856-5857, 2008
• 126 M. H. Asif, "Facile synthesis of multisegment Au/Ni/Au nanowire for high performance electrochemical glucose sensor" 6 : 95028-, 2019
• 127 H. Li, "Facile strategy for fabrication of flexible, breathable, and washable piezoelectric sensors via welding of nanofibers with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)" 2019
• 128 M. Heidari, "Fabrication, optimization and characterization of electrospun poly(caprolactone)/gelatin/graphene nanofibrous mats" 78 : 218-229, 2017
• 129 H. Nazari, "Fabrication of graphene-silver/polyurethane nanofibrous scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering" 30 : 2086-2099, 2019
• 130 C. Wang, "Fabrication of electrospun polymer nanofibers with diverse morphologies" 2019
• 131 S. DemiroğluMustafov, "Fabrication of conductive Lignin/PAN carbon nanofiber with enhanced graphene for the modified electrode" 147 : 262-275, 2019
• 132 H. Liu, "Fabrication and characterization of polyamide 6-functionalized graphene nanocomposite fiber" 47 : 8052-8060, 2012
• 133 R. Rezaee, "Fabrication and characterization of a polysulfonegraphene oxide nanocomposite membrane for arsenate rejection from water" 13 : 61-, 2015
• 134 H. S. Koh, "Enhancement of neurite outgrowth using nano-structured scaffolds coupled with laminin" 29 : 3574-3582, 2008
• 135 I. Tseng, "Enhanced thermal conductivity and dimensional stability of flexible polyimide nanocomposite film by addition of functionalized graphene oxide" 62 : 827-835, 2013
• 136 V. Ruiz, "Enhanced photostability and sensing performance of graphene quantum dots encapsulated in electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous filtering membranes" 262 : 902-912, 2018
• 137 J. Zhang, "Elementary process for CVD graphene on Cu (110): size-selective carbon clusters" 4 : 4431-, 2014
• 138 F. Du, "Electrospun reduced graphene oxide/TiO2/poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) composite nanofibers for efficient adsorption and photocatalytic removal of malachite green and leucomalachite green" 239 : 124764-, 2020
• 139 D. A. Samani, "Electrospun polycaprolactone/graphene/baghdadite composite nanofibres with improved mechanical and biological properties" 20 : 982-990, 2019
• 140 N. Aliheidari, "Electrospun nanofibers for label-free sensor applications" 19 : 3587-, 2019
• 141 C. Cleeton, "Electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery and biosensing" 5 : 4183-4205, 2019
• 142 S. Jiang, "Electrospun nanofiber reinforced composites: a review" 9 : 2685-2720, 2018
• 143 A. Nathani, "Electrospun mesoporous poly(styrene-blockmethylmethacrylate)nanofibers as biosensing platform: effect of fibers porosity on sensitivity" 1 : 8-, 2019
• 144 R. Weng, "Electrospun graphene oxide-doped nanofiber-based solid phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of tetracycline antibiotic residues in food samples" 12 : 1594-1603, 2019
• 145 G. Ghaderi, "Electrospun graphene oxide incorporated PAN nanofibers, before and after activation" 6 : 105047-, 2019
• 146 C. L. Huang, "Electrospun graphene nanosheet-filled poly(trimethylene terephthalate) composite fibers:Effects of the graphene nanosheet content on morphologies, electrical conductivity, crystallization behavior, and mechanical properties" 2019
• 147 J. Zhang, "Electrospun flexible nanofibrous membranes for oil/water separation" 7 : 20075-20102, 2019
• 148 Y. Ding, "Electrospun fibrous architectures for drug delivery, tissue engineering and cancer therapy" 29 : 1-35, 2019
• 149 Y. Sun, "Electrospun fibers and their application in drug controlled release, biological dressings, tissue repair, and enzyme immobilization" 9 : 25712-25729, 2019
• 150 L. A. Mercante, "Electrospinning-based (bio)sensors for food and agricultural applications:a review" 91 : 91-103, 2017
• 151 R. K. Mishra, "Electrospinning production of nanofibrous membranes" Springer Int. Publ 2018
• 152 J. Avossa, "Electrospinning of polystyrene/polyhydroxybutyrate nanofibers doped with porphyrin and graphene for chemiresistor gas sensors" 9 : 280-, 2019
• 153 D. H. Reneker, "Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers" 49 : 2387-2425, 2008
• 154 J. He, "Electrospinning in situ synthesis of graphene-doped porous copper indium disulfide/carbon composite nanofibers for highly efficient counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells" 215 : 626-636, 2016
• 155 P. Zhang, "Electrospinning graphene quantum dots into a nanofibrous membrane for dualpurpose fluorescent and electrochemical biosensors" 3 : 2487-2496, 2015
• 156 A. Macagnano, "Electrospinning for high performance sensors" Springer 2015
• 157 M. Zhang, "Electrospinning design of functional nanostructures for biosensor applications" 5 : 1699-1711, 2017
• 158 R. Zhao, "Electrospinning based all-nano composite materials: recent achievements and perspectives" 10 : 140-150, 2018
• 159 J. Xue, "Electrospinning and electrospun nano fibers: methods, materials, and applications" 2019
• 160 S. Bahrami, "Electroconductive polyurethane/graphene nanocomposite for biomedical applications" 168 : 421-431, 2019
• 161 M. Pumera, "Electrochemistry of graphene: new horizons for sensing and energy storage" 9 : 211-223, 2009
• 162 M. Pumera, "Electrochemistry of graphene, graphene oxide and other graphenoids" 36 : 14-18, 2013
• 163 A. Ambrosi, "Electrochemistry of graphene and related materials" 114 : 7150-7188, 2014
• 164 X. Bo, "Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on less aggregated graphene" 89 : 167-186, 2017
• 165 S. Kumar, "Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on graphene functionalized with metal oxide nanostructures for healthcare applications" 4 : 5322-5337, 2019
• 166 Y. Niu, "Electrochemical performance of myoglobin based on TiO2-doped carbon nanofiber decorated electrode and its applications in biosensing" 9 : 4480-4487, 2019
• 167 P. Vizzini, "Electrochemical and optical biosensors for the detection of campylobacter and listeria: an update look" 10 : 500-, 2019
• 168 J. -H. Lee, "Electrical property of graphene and its application to electrochemical biosensing" 9 : 297-, 2019
• 169 K.S. Novoselov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films" 80 (80): 666-669, 2004
• 170 H. Nosrati, "Effects of hydrothermal pressure on in situ synthesis of 3D graphene-hydroxyapatite nano structured powders" 45 : 1761-1769, 2019
• 171 H. Chen, "Effect of thermally reduced graphite oxide (TrGO) on the polymerization kinetics of poly (butylene terephthalate)(pCBT)/TrGO nanocomposites prepared by in situ ring-opening polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate" 54 : 1603-1611, 2013
• 172 M. Gozutok, "Development of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrospun mats" 19 : 4292-4298, 2019
• 173 M. Gorji, "Development of highly pH-sensitive hybrid membranes by simultaneous electrospinning of amphiphilic nanofibers reinforced with graphene oxide" 2019
• 174 R. Patel, "Development of fluorescent protein-based biosensing strains: a new tool for the detection of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in the environment" 182 : 109450-, 2019
• 175 H. Song, "Developing graphene-based nanohybrids for electrochemical sensing" 19 : 534-549, 2019
• 176 P. Mengarda, "Determination of lactate levels in biological fluids using a disposable ion-selective potentiometric sensor based on polypyrrole films" 126 : 663-, 2019
• 177 S. Garain, "Design of in situ poled Ce3+-doped electrospun PVDF/graphene composite nanofibers for fabrication of nanopressure sensor and ultrasensitive acoustic nanogenerator" 8 : 4532-4540, 2016
• 178 A. Kaplan, "Current and future directions in electron transfer chemistry of graphene" 46 : 4530-4571, 2017
• 179 Q. Ye, "Covalent functionalization of bovine serum albumin with graphene quantum dots for stereospecific molecular recognition" 91 : 11864-11871, 2019
• 180 S. Kumar, "Comprehensive review on the use of graphene-based substrates for regenerative medicine and biomedical devices" 8 : 26431-26457, 2016
• 181 G. Park, "Combining SWNT and graphene in polymer nanofibers: a route to unique carbon precursors for electrochemical capacitor electrodes" 35 : 3077-3086, 2019
• 182 M. Dhawane, "Colorimetric pointof-care detection of cholesterol using chitosan nanofibers" 281 : 72-79, 2019
• 183 N. Suzuki, "Chiral graphene quantum dots" 10 : 1744-1755, 2016
• 184 C. K. Chua, "Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint" 43 : 291-312, 2014
• 185 E. Correa, "Characterization of polycaprolactone/rGO nanocomposite scaffolds obtained by electrospinning" 103 : 109773-, 2019
• 186 B. SuganyaBharathi, "Cerium oxide and peppermint oil loaded polyethylene oxide/graphene oxide electrospun nanofibrous mats as antibacterial wound dressings" 21 : 100664-, 2019
• 187 S. Muniandy, "Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical biosensors for foodborne bacterial detection" 2019
• 188 X. Wang, "CVD graphene as an electrochemical sensing platform for simultaneous detection of biomolecules" 7 : 1-9, 2017
• 189 X. Zhu, "Applications of graphene and its derivatives in intracellular biosensing and bioimaging" 141 : 4541-4553, 2016
• 190 N. M. Aboamera, "An effective removal of organic dyes using surface functionalized cellulose acetate/graphene oxide composite nanofibers" 25 : 4155-4166, 2018
• 191 S. Parandeh, "An eco-friendly triboelectric hybrid nanogenerators based on graphene oxide incorporated polycaprolactone fibers and cellulose paper" 59 : 412-421, 2019
• 192 A. Vasilescu, "Advantages of carbon nanomaterials in electrochemical aptasensors for food analysis" 30 : 2-19, 2018
• 193 X. Lu, "Advanced electrospun nanomaterials for highly efficient electrocatalysis" 2019
• 194 A. Kordatos, "AB stacked few layer graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition on single crystal Rh (1 1 1) and electronic structure characterization" 369 : 251-256, 2016
• 195 S. Haar, "A supramolecular strategy to leverage the liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene in the presence of surfactants:unraveling the role of the length of fatty acids" 11 : 1691-1702, 2015
• 196 K. S. Novoselov, "A roadmap for graphene" 490 : 192-, 2012
• 197 M. Yi, "A review on mechanical exfoliation for the scalable production of graphene" 3 : 11700-11715, 2015
• 198 T. P. Dasari Shareena, "A review on graphene-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications and risks in environment and health" 10 : 1-34, 2018
• 199 S. K. Krishnan, "A review on graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors" 9 : 8778-8781, 2019
• 200 K. Javed, "A review on graphene-based electrospun conductive nanofibers, supercapacitors, anodes, and cathodes for lithium-ion batteries" 2018
• 201 A. Aydogdu, "A novel electrospun hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/polyethylene oxide blend nanofibers: morphology and physicochemical properties" 181 : 234-246, 2018
• 202 K. Javed, "A method for producing conductive graphene biopolymer nanofibrous fabrics by exploitation of an ionic liquid dispersant in electrospinning" 140 : 148-156, 2018
• 203 C. Zhang, "A disposable electrochemical sensor based on electrospinning of molecularly imprinted nanohybrid films for highly sensitive determination of the organotin acaricide cyhexatin" 2019
• 204 S. S. Ray, "A comprehensive review: electrospinning technique for fabrication and surface modification of membranes for water treatment application" 6 : 85495-85514, 2016
• 205 A. Haider, "A comprehensive review summarizing the effect of electrospinning parameters and potential applications of nanofibers in biomedical and biotechnology" 11 : 1165-1188, 2018
• 206 N. Tambakoozadeh, "A composite polyaniline/graphene–coated polyamide6 nanofiber mat for electrochemical applications" 2019