홍산문화 ‘곰(맥)-마고삼신-매’ 표상의 기원과 변천 = A Study on the Origin and Transition of ‘Bear(Maek貊) - Magosamsin (麻姑三神) - Hawk’ Symbol of Hungshan Culture(紅山文化)

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Around B.C.7000 of the late Neolithic Period, Ki(氣)-energy symbols such as ‘Goddess, conceptus(胎芽), animal totem’ were widely seen in Northeast Asia. The animal totems in Liaodong(遼東) areas were mainly ‘Bear·Hawk etc’ since the early Neolithic Period, while the animal totems in Liaoxi(遼西) areas were ‘Lizard·Pig·Deer·Hawk etc’.
Around B.C.4000 of Hungshan Culture, Ki-energy symbols of Liaodong and Liaoxi areas were completely renewed in form and meaning. That was just ‘Bear(Maek)-Goddess(Magosamsin)-Hawk’ symbol in Niuheliang(牛河梁) Shrine(Goddess Shrine) and stone mound tombs around Goddess Shrine. This symbol expressed ‘Suseung-Hwagang(水昇火降) thought’, the essence of the idea of the five natural elements of the three dimensions(三元五行論) of Korean Sundo(韓國仙道). ‘Suseung-Hwagang’ means primarily the law of circulation of human Ki-energy. On the other hand, it also means ‘Jocheon(朝天)’ thought that the energy of the human body is returned to the ultimate Ki-energy of the universe(Magosamsin) after his death. This symbol, which expresses the idea of Suseung-Hwagang and Jocheon, shows the full-fledged development of the Sundo Heaven rituals(仙道祭天) culture.
Since the early Neolithic period in Northeast Asia, there have been various animal totems such as Lizard·Pig·Deer·Hawk etc, but by Hungshan Culture, Bear·Hawk, which were the representative animal totems of Liaodong area, were raised to the representative animal totem regardless of Liaodong and Liaoxi areas. This suggests that the Bear-totem tribe, Maek tribe(貊族) has become the hegemon of Northeast Asia. Around B.C.4000, the political and social changes in which Baedalkook(倍達國) was opened and Maek tribe(Ung tribe(熊族) + Hwanung tribe(桓雄族), present-day Korean People) of Baedalkook entered Liaoxi area led to that change.
Unlike the stereotype of ‘Bear(Maek)-Magosamsin-Hawk’ across the Northeast Asia, which encompasses the Liaodong and Liaoxi areas after the opening of Baedalkook, the traditional lizard·crocodile totem of Huaxia tribe(華夏族) was renewed as Dragon totem by the descendants of the Ung (Maek) tribe who migrated from Baedalkook to Zhongyuan中原 areas in the Yellow River areas.
And the ‘Dragon(龍)-Phoenix(鳳)’ symbol was created during the fight between Huaxia tribe and Dongyi tribe(東夷族). In addition, traditional lizard·crocodile and tiger symbol of Huaxia tribe were absorbed into the Chinese Taoism, resulting in ‘Dragon(龍)-Tiger(虎)’ symbol and ‘Dragon(龍)- Xiwangmu(西王母)-Tiger(虎)’ symbol.
’Bear(Maek)-Magosamsin-Hawk’ symbol of Maek tribe and ‘Dragon-Magosamsin-Phoenix’ symbol of Maek tribe influenced by Chinese culture, were not totems but rather Sundo symbols of ‘Suseung-Hwagang and Jocheon’ thought. It is not the right approach for the Chinese academic community to look at ‘Bear(Maek)-Magosamsin-Hawk’ and ‘Dragon-Magosamsin-Phoenix’ symbols of Maek tribe as the viewpoint of ‘Dragon-Phoenix’ symbol of Huaxia tribe that they are familiar with.