한국의 경제개발과 노동문제 : 1960년대 공업화과정을 통한 = Labour Problems and Industrialization in Korea during the 1960's
저자
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1973
작성언어
Korean
KDC
305.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
79-104(26쪽)
제공처
소장기관
During the last decade, the 1960's, Korea has achieved a high rate of economic growth and ranked among the most dynamic of developing countries. The industrial system has been so rapidly modernized and traditional social order has also been reformed, however, social development has been intentionally little pursued. Since the Third Economic Development Plan, though it was explained that social development programmes are beginning to be considered, social and labour aspects remain limited in comparison with economic aspects. Consequently, many observers pointed out that $quot;the disparity between the social and the economic aspects of development have reached a stage at which further neglect will adversely affect the pace and pattern of economic growth itself.$quot;
The purpose of this paper is to an analyze the social changes especially the labour problems and industrial relations during last 10 years, the 1960's.
1) The conspicuous imbalance between the rural and urban or agricultural and industrial development during the 1960's has brought considerable change in the distribution of an economically active population. The farm population has increased from 14, 559 thousand (58.3% of whole population) in 1960 to 15, 589 thousand (49.6%) in 1969. On the contrary, the economically active population in the primary sector decreased from 6, 775 thousand (79.5% of the whole economically active population) in 1960 to 4,604 thousand (51.3%) in 1969. And the proportion of peasants, cultivating less than 0.5 chongbo of Land which only produce insufficient food grains for average farm families, has decreased from 42.9% of whole farm households, in 1960 to 33.8% in 1960, on the other hand, self sufficient farm households, cultivating 1.0∼2.0 chongbo has increased from 18.8 in 1960 to 26.8% in 1969.
The surplus labour forces-comparison between total farm land and the potential working hours of the farm population, was estimate as 41.0% in 1964 and 41.5% in 1970. Therefore, we may conclude, in additionally considering 3% average increase ratio of the population in rural areas during 1960's, that approximately 3.5 million, people of the farm population, mostly single youths in the peasant households, has migrated into the urban areas.
2) Rapid industrialization has resulted in the increase of industrial workers and the shortage of technical man power. Industrial workers have increased from 318 thousand in 1961 to 1,084 thousand in 1969. And under the huge underemployment in urban and rural areas, the rapid expansion of modern industries consumed a big amount of technical manpower exceeding far over the vocational education capacities of the Republic. For example, in the third plan period, among the 533.1 thousand technical manpower demand, only 213.1 thousand could be supplied by the formal educational institutions, and the rest are designed to be filled by the short term vocational training, on the job training and so forth.
The shortage of young technical manpower would directly influence the dual labour market structure in Korea. The vertical and isolated labour market in large enterprises, which originated from the generally adopted seniority system-Nyonkongsuryol-Hyung, would especially be reformed owing to the shortage. The shortage has not only increased the wages of young technical workers at the bottom of the seniority system, but also resulted in the wide spread scouting among large enterprises. The increace of wages would subsequently eliminate the extra workers among the upper grade of the seniority system, and would further change the wage style.
3) The present Trade Union organization and industrial relations would be affected by the new charactor of the labour market. The trade unions in Korea have been characterised by $quot;the intra-enterprise organizations,$quot; as the unions have generally organized and managed within the undertaking wide level under the strong influence of management and government policies. Though Federation of Korean Trade Unions, FKTU, since the emergence of the Third Republic, adopted the industrial union system to centralize all possible powers in the center, the activities of the trade unions have still been limited at the local union level.
FKTU could hardly represent the workers interest beyond the confined of a particular enterprise. However, since the changing of the labour market has led to an open and horizontal charactor, nation wide craft unions of certain technical workers could possibly be organized outside the enterprises.
The percentage of unionization among industrial workers still remains around 24%. In 1970, the local unions organized in such undertakings more than 135 employed workers, and collective agreements were signed at such levels of enterprise by an average of more than 145 employed workers.
In korea, the yearly average of labour disputes has been limited; 97 cases in 1965, 104 cases in 1966, 105 cases in 1967, 112 cases in 1968, 70 cases in 1969, and 88 cases in 1970. Of the disputes during the period wage claims are on the average, 73.3%, unfair labour practices 18.9, dismissal 4.1, and others.
4) Wages of industrial workers in korea have traditionally been very low. During the 1960's, the nominal wages of mining and manufacturing remain in the low level comparable with the price of foods in the cost of living of workers. In 1964, average nominal wages were 3,880 won in manufacturing and 5,620 won in mining. On the other hand the cost of, living for the workers in one month was 8,220 won (food price 8,220 won, 60.4% of month costs). In 1970, average wages were 12,313 won in manufacturing and 18,454 won in mining, and the cost of livings was 28,290 won (11,480 won, 40.6%). Though the average wages of workers have considerably increased. the figures relating to the wage during 1960's -shows that wages are not fairly shared to the fruits of industrialization. During the 1960's, the real wage index increased on the average of 5 in mining and average 6 in manufacturing but the labour productivity increased 5.4 in mining and 13 in manufacturing. The imbalance of the wage structure had been widened and no other signs of betterment in the wage system could be found in the movement of financial statement analysis of enterprises and cost analysis durinig the 1960's.
Consequently, wage problems have laeen the center of controversy since the middle of 1960's. And the minimum wage law, $quot;Optimum Wage System,$quot; $quot;Productivity Wages$quot; (a type of scanlon plan) and so forth have been proposed.
As to the workers welfare, only a few sporadic actions have been taken during the 1960's. The Industrial In juries Compensation Act, The Childrens Protection Act, Government Officials Pension Act, The Military Personels Pension Act and etc. have been enacted.
5) Elevating the Office of Labour Affairs into the Ministry has been considered since the middle of 1970's. And enactment of a labour - register and labour enchange, the amendment of the Labour Standards Act and Trade Union Act and so forth have been discussed on many occasions.
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