韓國輸出의 現況 및 當面課題에 關한 考察 = A Study on Korean Export and Its Breakthrough
저자
徐大允 (貿易學科)
발행기관
학술지명
권호사항
발행연도
1985
작성언어
Korean
KDC
040.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
341-369(29쪽)
제공처
소장기관
Ⅰ. Introduction
Export has been playing an important role in developing Korean economy ever since the early 1960s. But the fast-growing export has been slowing down since 1979 becasue of its structural and fundamental changes both in export industry and overseas market.
In view of unique structure and position of Korean economy, export is compelled to keep growing; Korea has no natural resourses enough to maintain her economic development, and one of the most highly populated countries in the world. Korea has no choice but to continue her economic development based on export growth.
This study is therefore to find out new ways to take as the second stage of export development in order to revitalize it by reviewing the export so far and analyzing the export competition power, ever-increasing protectionism prevailing worldwide.
Ⅱ. Changed Overseas Market Situation
1. Ever-increasing Protectionism
The world economy has been slowing down mainly due to the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, and unstable international monetary situation since the early 1970s.
Every country suffering from high unemployment and shortage of foreign exchange has been reinforcing import regulations and various trade barriers.
The principal export products such as textiles, footwear, electronics, and steel products are under the various trade barriers like quota system, countervailing duty, self-regulation of export countries, etc. involving 19 major export countries.
In terms of amount exported in 1980, 1981, and 1982, each 24.2%, 22.4%, and 22.3% had been exported under the influence of export regulations. But the percentage goes up much higher as 38.1%, 36.1%, and 34.7% each for 1980, 1981, and 1982 if applied only to advanced countries.
Ⅲ. Structural Analysis of Export
1. Export Trend
Export has been increased with incredibly high rate; U$ 55 milliion in 1962 reached to U$1 billion in 1971, U$ 10 billion in 1977, and U$ 15 billion in 1979. But the situation changed from 1980 by showing slow growth mainly because of deteriorated competition power, and worldewide recession.
2. Export Market by Commodity
Mining, agricultural, and marine products played an important role in the early 1960s, but later in late 1960s labor-intensive products took over, again from mid-1970s heavy industry products started to lead the export. In the early 1960s, principal export commodities were Tungsten ores, raw silk, fresh and frozen fish, but textiles, plywood, wig led the export industry from the early 1970s. The following products were electronics, ship, iron and steel products, which still keep pace together with textils.
3. Export Market by Principal Country
As of late 1983, korean goods are shipping out to 176 countries which means Korea diversified her market worldwide, virtually covering the entire world except some communist countries. Export market however is too much concentrated and dependent on the U.S.A. and Japan, which cover almost 1/2 of entire export amount. In this respect, more efforts should be placed on the development of African, Latin conutries, and Australian market.
Ⅳ. Problems and Its Solution
1. Cutthroat Competition
Fair competition is a advantage of free economy society, which brings better production efficiency, quality, improvement, and cost-down. However, the competition beyond the limit leads to no profit all the parties concenred. Cutthroat competition among Korean exporters has been the chronical trouble since wig export boomed in late 1960s, which can be raised as a classic case brought no benefit to exporters, importers, even consumers. Cutthroat competition means nothing but suicide. What is worse, it will eventually brings import regulations.
2. Overseas Production System
This has several benefits;
1) to make it possible to avoid import regulations.
2) to be familiar with merchandising based on local marketing concept.
3) to expedite internationalization of Korean side management.
4) to accumulate experience in international division of industry.
5) to learn advanced production system, technology, market information, and management skill.
3. Practical Marketing Strategy
No marketing policy has been required since export so far has been order-made. But situation has been changed in terms of commodity structure and method of export. Exporters should be market-oriented to meet consumer's requirements. From the long term standpoint, brand image should be establish in the local market. More attention should be paid to the design and packing which are the most important sales points. Merchandising should also be made based on the local market information, fashion, consumers trend, etc. In a word, exporter should create demand by himself.
4. Shift to Capital Intensive Higher Added-value Products.
Labor-intensive products like textiles, footwear have been losing competitive advantage due to increased labor cost compared to that of Chins, Thailand, Malysis, Sri Lanka and the like. Greater attention should be paid to the capital intensive products in terms of better utilization of resourses, and higher added-value together with the deteriorated competitive advantage of labor-intennsive products. However, raw and intermidiate production material, and parts industry should be brought up in order to make it possible that capital intensive products can get higher added-value, and to keep competitive advantage.
5. The Second Export Drive Needed.
There is a strong tendency that too much emphasis is being laid on the qualitative approach of export. No one denys the importance of improvement in export structure, profitability, and marketing strategy but the export amount must be increased to contribute to economy growth, creating job opportunity, and foreign exchanged reserve. Export amount per capita of Korea is just U$ 555 compared to U$ 1,168 of Japan, U$ 1.202 of Taiwan, not to mention of U$ 5,320 of Belgium, U$ 4,012 of Switzerland. Korean export has long way to go and be revitalized particulary in terms of growth.
Ⅴ. Conclusion
This study is to find out new ways to enhance export by reviewing the export by commodity, market, market, andother situations.
In order to revitalize export under this situation, competitive advantages should be recovered by stabilizing wage, financing expenses, and improving quality. Market should also be diversified and shipment should be made in orderly manner, not rushing in a short period. Cutthroat competition among Korean exporters will bring loss exporters involved, and will eventually lead to no national interest. Supposing export price is raised just 1 percent for the entire export of U$ 24.4 billion (in 1983), it will add U$ 244 million.
Aside from the above, more fundamental steps be required. Overseas production system will bring benefit in terms of merchandising, production technology, and practical marketing policy. At the same time, this will help avoid import barriers. Exporters should pay more attention to the marketing policy from now on, also should establish brand image which is made based on the export market sense. Sales promotion activities are needed from the long term standpoint particulary in case of consumer goods.
Labor-itensive light industry products should be switched over to capital-intensive higher added value goods. But in this case, R and D, and material, parts industries should be brought up. Lastly, more attention to the export revitalization drive is needed since there is a strong tenddency that too much emphasis is paid on the domestic industry reinforcement as well as qualitative approach of export industry.
But it is too early to give too much priority on the above said. More attention should be paid to the increasing export size at least for the time being.
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