韓國청어漁業史 = History of the Korean Herring Fisheries
저자
발행기관
학술지명
論文集(THESES COLLECTION OF NATIONAL FISHERIES UNIVERSITY OF PUSAN)
권호사항
발행연도
1976
작성언어
Korean
KDC
529.000
자료형태
학술저널
수록면
1-37(37쪽)
제공처
소장기관
The Korean herring fisheries are very old. According to written history herrings were being fished as early as in the early period of the Yi dynasty(1392∼1910) along almost all the coasts of the Korean Peninsula.
The herring caught off the Korean coasts might be divided into two groups: the first is found in the west coast, and the second in the east coast and the eastern part of the south coast. The former has its home in the Yellow Sea and the latter in the Sea of Japan.
Until the end of the Yi dynasty the herring had been the most important fish for the Korean fisheries, and it had played a significant role in providing cheap animal protein for a great number of people. At the same time it was admired as the most palatable victuals by most of Koreans.
During spawning seasons-spring in the west coast, and winter both in the south coast and in the east coast-great shoals of herring made for the coasts to spawn in bays and inlets. These formed the basis of the coastal herring fisheries. The herring fisheries in Korea had mainly caught the spawning populations along the coasts. A variety of specialized fishing gears differing from coast to coast were evolved to catch the herrings. The weir made of bamboo and/or branches was the oldest gear, and it was extensively used along the west coast where there was the greatest disparity of tides. In this area long bag set nets and long bag nets attached to both sides of a vessel were used also. In the east and south coasts, herring fisheries were carried on with bamboo weirs, set nets, gill nets(made of silk), beach seines, etc.
Around the turn of the century, Japanese fishermen began to catch herrings in the Korean waters introducing Japanese style fishing gears such as beach seines and a few kinds of set nets including herring square set nets used in the coast of Hokkaido. Since the mid-twenties purse seines, originally introduced for mackerel fisheries and later on for sardin fisheries, were taken into use in the herring fisheries by Japanese fishermen.
Whereas herrings were mainly consumed fresh in production centers and their vicinities, the greater part of the herring caught in quantities in specific periods was dried or salted, and it was said that a considerable part of it was smoked in the Yi dynasty, although no Koreans have a taste for smoked fish in our days. One some of herrings and their roes collected from spawning grounds was destined for reduction into fertilizer.
The herring fisheries had been the most important fisheries in Korea, but, on the other hand, they had been most variable fisheries. They had been subject to wide fluctuations between bumper and poor fishing periods as have often been the case with herring fisheries in the other areas of the world. History of the herring fisheries was really a history of fluctuations. Data on these fluctuations obtained from historical documents are summarized in the following table.
Historical Fluctuations of the Coastal Herring Fisheries in Korea.
................................................................................
Period Catch Area Remark
End of the 14th century Poor U
During the 15th century Abundant W, ES, E Short-term fluctuations are
For some time since 1570 No catch SW unknown
The early 1600's Abundant SW, ES, NE
Around 1610 No Catch U
For some time since 1704 No Catch SW
Middle of the 18th century Very abundant W,ES,E Particularly along the coasts
End of the 18th century Poor U of Whanghae-do and Chung-
1798-1799 Very abundant U cheong-do
1802 Very abundant U
For some time since 1805 Poor U It seems to reflect the catches in
The early 1830's Poor U the west coast
For some time since 1835 Abundant U
First half of the 19th century Abundant U
The early 1850's No catch SW In the coast of Wido Island
Since arround 1880 No catch W In the coast of Whanghae-do
Since the mid-1890's No catch W In the coast of Chungcheong-do
Since the early 1910's No catch ES, SE
Since the mid-1940's No catch E
................................................................................ U=unknown; W=west coast; E=east coast; SE=southeast coast; SW=southern part of the west coast; ES=eastern part of the south coast; NE=northern part of the east coast.
This table shows that both short-term and long term fluctuations had been taking place, although, because of paucity of data, nothing can be said about if there was any pattern of a periodic cycle in the fluctuations.
During the Yi dynasty the herring stock was most abundant in the west coast, particularly along the coast of Whanghae-do, and the catch from this area accounted for the major part of the total catch. The west coast herring fisheries, however, had shown the greatest fluctuations until they were finally brought to an end in the end of the 19th century when the shoals of herring disappeared all along the west coast. This disappearance of spawning herring has thus hitherto lasted for nearly a century. In recent years a considerable amount of herrings has been caught amounted to about 7,000 metric tons. However, this does not necessarily suggest that the herring stock is due to recover in this area. Because these herrings were found in the lower layer of the cold water mass formed in the Yellow Sea, and they were caught incidentally by trawlers and by improved large purse seines engaging in mackerel fisheries. This stock is quite out of the reach of coastal fishermen at the present time.
This disappearance of herrings in the west coast was, with only a short interval, followed by a gradual decline of the catches in the eastern part of the south coast in the 1900', and this again was followed by a sudden disappearance of herrings in the southeast coast in the early 1910's. Around by this time herrings in the eastern part of the south coast also disappeared. This meant that spawning grounds of herring were shifted northward. In these areas no specialized herring fisheries could have been carried out for more than 70 years up to date.
On the other hand, in the east coast where the herring abundance had been relatively stable compared to the other areas, herring fisheries could have been lasted somewhat longer. During the most part of the first half of the 20th century when Korea had been virtually placed under the rule of Japan, the herring stock of this area had been fully exploited by both Korean and Japanese fishermen, and in 1932 when the catch reached to its peak, the total catch amounted to some 72,000 metric tons including about 22,000 metric tons landed by Japanese fishermen. But in this area, too, the catch was curtailed sharply and suddenly in 1943 with a negligible amount of the catches in a few subsequent years until the fisheries were totally collapsed after World War Ⅱ. Since then, no herring fisheries have been carried out in the east coast of South Korea. A recent study on the herring stocks indicates that the same has been true in the east coast of North Korea.
Fisheries biologists in a number of countries, have explored the causes of fluctuations of herring fisheries with some success. But no satisfactory studies which can fully account for the definite causes of the long-lasting disappearance of the herrings in the coastal areas of Korea have as yet been made. It is likely due mainly to natural factors rather than man-made ones. In the case of the east coast, it mainly to natural factors rather than man-made ones. In the case of the east coast, it might be due in part to a heavy exploitations, but so far as the disappearance of the herrings in the west coast, the eastern part of the south coast, and southeast coast is concerned, it can be stated with certainty that such natural factors as environmental changes were responsible for it, for the large shoals of herring occured near the coasts of these areas were disappeared long before they were heavily exploited so as to lead to a depletion of the resources.
Without knowing the true causes of the disappearance of the herrings in the Korean coasts, no reliable forecast can be made on the future of the Korean herring fisheries. Biological researches, in collaboration with oceanographical ones, on these causes should be furthered.
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