생산성 저해인자에 관한 조사연구 : As seen from the Viewpoint of Industrial Health 산업보건 측면에서 본 연구 = Survey of Factors Impeding Productivity
A work place comprises men, machines, and the environments surrounding it.
Roughly speaking, it may be said that goods are produced under a correlation between men, machines, and materials.
In this survey, we have examined the direct and indirect influences on productivity of various factors affecting productivity and human ability, including work hours, holidays, rest, absence rates, temperature, noise, dust, etc.
In general, in some important part of the whole manufacturing process which requires a large amount of labor, the productivity is greatly and directly affected by labor capacity when the labor capacity is contingent on work conditions or work environments. However, in the case of an automatic manufacturing process, the productivity is not much affected by the influence of labor capacity which is variable depending on work conditions and work environments. For example, the workers on duty in the lst transformation process in a urea fertilizer plant and those watching the calcination furnace in a cement factory have to keep watching meters under, high radiant heat. Accordingly, their labor efficiency is affected, but their affected labor efficiency has scarcely direct effect upon the productivity. Of course, high temperature may be considered one of the factors adversely influencing upon productivity because it serves an indirect cause of a high absence rate as well as a high accident rate.
On the other hand, since the rolling process in steel industry requires a great deal of physical labor, the radiant heat generated in this industrial process affects directly industrial efficiency and, accordingly, adversely and greatly affects the productivity. Because of such a variety inherent to industrial processes, in the analysis, evaluation, and illustration of the survey data, it was impossible in many cases to show in a numerical formula the relations between labor force and productivity. Accordingly, wordy explanations were inevitable. This survey includes 30 plants in Yongdungpo area, which by industry break down into-metal and machinery industry, textile industry, glass industry, chemical industry, paper industry, etc. The survey was done by employing measurement instruments which were used for the investigation of environments and harmful factors, and by means of documentary survey, enquetes. etc. The overall results are as follows :
(1) In steel industry where a great deal of labor force is required and labor force has a direct relation with productivity, the per hour production was in inverse proportion to the length of the remaining labor hours (p<0.001). In other words, the longer the labor period was, the per hour production was smaller and the accident and absence rates were higher.
(2) In textile industry, the productivity(number of rolls/person) showed a seasonal and climatic fluctuation, high in spring and autumn, low in summer and winter. The absence rate was high in spring and autumn and low in summer and winter.
(3) In industries where the intensity of work is high, a high environmental rigidity prevails, and a rate of accidents is high(for example. coal mines) a relation of inverse proportion was found between productivity (O.M.S.=output/man/shift) and accident rates (number of accidents or deaths per output of 1,000,000 tons). The higher the accident rate was (or the lower the degree of security was), the lower the productivity was.
(4) Ninety-five percent of those engaged in sedentary work complained of their work benches, and it was found that 60% of those benches were improper from the anatomical and physiological viewpoints, and 80% of the benches are unsuitable for work.
(5) Seventy-two percent of the workers complained that noise got on their nerves and caused impediment to their work.
(6) There were 65% of the workers who complained of dust irritating their nerves and causing hindrance to their work.
(7) The overall absence rate was 6.35%, and this rate was low in spring (period of spring poverty) and high in autumn.
(8) Workplaces having longer work hours showed higher absence rates. That is to say, workshops where a three-shift system (or eight-hour-work system is strictly observed) had a lower absence rate than the work places where ?? or one shift system is carried out or where the work hours are longer.
(9) As for the absence rates by industry, steel industry, in which the intensity of work is high and a high environmental rigidity exists, showed the highest absence rate.
(10) The frequency rate of accidents was 93.71. Classified by type of industry his rate was higher in industries where the intensity of work high and a high environmental rigidity prevails.
(11) In such fields as steel industry and glass industry where high radiant heat is generated, absence rates were higher in summer.
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