월드론의 기본평등론 = Waldron’s Basic Equality

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The idea of basic equality regards the basis of human equality as the fundamental problem of egalitarianism. Although every human being is different, the basis of the idea that ‘all humans are fundamentally one another’s equal’ is one of the most discussed topics. Jeremy Waldron, a legal philosopher, argues that while basic equality is prescriptive equality, two kinds of descriptive facts are closely related: one is the fact that is the target of prescriptive equality, and the other the fact that is the reason of prescriptive equality. In turn, he discusses whether there are the properties commonly shared by all human beings as the fact that is the reason of prescriptive equality. He suggests that although the natural properties of human beings – pain and affection, reason, moral capacity, and individual autonomy – have various degrees, these properties can be the factual basis of human equality, expanding John Rawls’s concept of range property and providing the additional religious account.
Furthermore, Waldron sets the principle of continuous equality and the principle of distinctive equality to strengthen the principle of basic equality, which dictates that human beings are one another’s equal. The principle of continuous equality states that unjust discrimination based on differences within groups of human beings cannot be justified, since human begins are not fundamentally differentiated from non-human animals. The principle of distinctive equality emphasizes human dignity the uniqueness of human beings by claiming that human beings have exclusive value and status, differentiated from non-human animals. The two principles help to harmonize the principle of basic equality, which dictates that all human beings are equal, and the individuality and diversity of each person by operating horizontally and vertically.
Basic equality, however, has been criticized for two main reasons, the triviality of basic equality and the redundancy of basic equality. The triviality of basic equality means that basic equality cannot have the independent significance, compared with detailed rights. According to the redundancy of basic equality, basic equality is a redundant idea in that it also makes impossible to engage in any detailed discussion by overlapping with moral principles. In response, Waldron contends that basic equality reveals what the concept of right cannot capture and it can also be differentiated from moral principles since it makes prominent substantive affairs that people pay special attention to human beings only because they are human beings.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

기본 평등(basic equality)은 평등주의의 근원적 문제를 인간 평등의 근거로 본다. 인간 존재의 수많은 차이에도 불구하고 ‘모든 인간은 근본적으로 서로 평등하다’는 생각의 근거가 무엇인지를 탐구한다. 법철학자 제레미 월드론(Jeremy Waldron)은 기본 평등이 규정적 평등(prescriptive equality)이지만, 규정적 평등이 목표로 하는 사실 및 근거로 하는 사실과 밀접한 관련성을 가진다고 주장한다. 이에 따라 평등의 근거 사실로서 인간의 공통적 속성이 존재하는지 살펴본다. 그는 인간의 자연적 속성, 즉 고통과 애정 능력, 이성, 도덕적 능력, 개인의 자율성은 정도의 차이가 존재하지만 롤스의 범위 속성(range property) 개념을 확장하고 종교적 설명을 추가하면 인간 평등의 사실적 근거가 될 수 있다고 주장한다.
또한 그는 연속적 평등과 구별적 평등 원칙을 정립하여 인간은 서로 동등한 존재라는 기본 평등의 원칙을 강화한다. 연속적 평등(continuous equality) 원칙에 의하면 인간 집단 간에는 동물과 구별될 만큼의 근본적인 차이는 없으며, 구별적 평등(distinctive equality) 원칙에 의하면 인간은 동물과 다른 특별한 가치 및 지위를 가진다. 이러한 두 원칙은 모든 인간은 서로 동등한 존재라는 기본 평등과 개인의 개성과 다양성에 대한 존중을 조화시키며, 수평적 수직적으로 작용한다.
그러나 기본 평등은 구체적 권리에 비해 독자적인 의미를 갖지 못하며, 도덕 원칙과 중복되어 어떠한 내용에도 관여하지 못한다는 비판을 받았다. 이에 대하여 월드론은 기본 평등이 권리가 포착하지 못한 내용을 직접적으로 드러내거나 인간에 대해 특별한 관심을 가지게 하는 실질적 내용을 부여함으로써 도덕 원칙과 중복되지 않는다고 주장한다.

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