경도 장애학생의 학습활동을 돕는 컴퓨터 공학 적용에 대한 고찰 = The Application of Computer Technologies for Students with Mild Disabilities in Classroom

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

The purposes of this study is to provide useful information on the successful application of assistive technology through reviewing previous research that explored the effects of assistive technology for students with mild disabilities in classroom environment. As emphasis on the use of assistive technology for students with disabilities have been increased, many educators and researchers need knowledge of research on the impact of assistive technology use that help them set reasonable expectation for technology in real classroom. In this study, the general benefits of computer technologies for supporting students with mild disabilities in and out of classroom were described, followed by reviewing previous empirical studies to identify the potential of assistive technologies for improving their abilities in reading, writing, and mathematics. In final part, some implications for the future practice and research of assistive technologies were discussed.

국문 초록 (Abstract)

이 연구의 목적은, 1995년에서 2004년 사이에 미국에서 발표된 컴퓨터공학 보조도구들의 효과를 검증한 연구들을 핵심적인 학습기술영역인 읽기와 쓰기 그리고 수학영역을 중심으로 살펴봄으로써, 일반학급에 통합되어 있는 경도 장애학생들의 학습활동을 공학적으로 지원하기 위해 필요한 지식과 정보를 제공하는 데 있다. 현재 우리나라에서 장애학생들의 보조공학 사용에 대한 관심이 증가되고, 다양한 보조공학도구가 학습상황에 적용되기 시작되었다. 그러나 이러한 현상과 기대는 구체적이고 실제적인 효과연구결과를 기반으로 형성되었다기보다는 나날이 진보되는 공학기술과 교육계에 팽배해 있는 정보화에 대한 열의에서 비롯되고 있기에 이 연구의 필요성이 있다고 보았다. 이 연구에서 살펴본 다양한 연구들을 통해, 다음과 같은 맥락에서 일반학급환경에서 컴퓨터 공학을 적용할 때, 경도 장애학생들의 학습에 대한 참여를 증가시킬 수 있을 뿐 만 아니라 독립적이고 효과적인 학습을 촉진시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 단어재인이나 읽기 이해와 같은 읽기 영역의 경우, 교사의 읽기 수업을 보조하는 상황에서 적용되었을 경우와, 학습자의 특성과 필요를 파악하고, 읽기능력을 향상시킬 수 있도록 고안된 다양한 전략들이 내제되어 있는 경우에는 효과적으로 적용될 수 있었다. 또한 대안적인 읽기 방법인 음성출력장비는 학생들의 주의집중력을 향상시키고, 읽기로 인한 피곤과 스트레스를 감소시켜 효과적인 읽기활동을 가능케 할 수 있었으나 충분한 적용기간이 필요한 도구임이 밝혀졌다. 둘째, 쓰기 영역의 경우, 워드 프로세스의 활용이나 맞춤법을 점검하거나 활용 가능한 고빈도 단어를 제시해주는 프로그램 등은 쓰기 능력을 향상시킬 수 있었으며, 이를 통해 철자에 대한 인식능력이 향상되고, 철자와 문법에서의 오류를 자각하여 스스로 교정하고 편집하는 능력을 향상시킬 수 있으나 대안적인 쓰기 활동을 가능하게 해줄 수 있는 음성인식 프로그램의 경우, 나이가 어리거나 인지능력이 떨어지는 장애학생의 경우 많은 훈련과 주의가 요구되는 분야임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 수학 영역의 경우, 연산의 자동화를 돕는 프로그램과 문제해결을 위한 연습 프로그램 등의 컴퓨터 프로그램이 적절한 전략교수와 함께 제시될 때에, 활용 효과가 있음이 나타났다. 아울러 국내의 통합교육현장에서의 컴퓨터 공학의 성공적인 적용을 위해서는 교사의 공학도구에 대한 올바른 인식과 적절한 교수전략의 개발이 필요하며 경도장애학생들에게는 공학도구사용방법 자체를 습득할 수 있는 충분하고 지속적인 훈련과 전략이 제공되어야 함을 지적하였다. 이를 위해서 교사는 전문기관의 연수프로그램 등의 활성화를 통해 보조공학과 관련된 지식과 정보를 재충전해야 하며, 보조공학으로서의 컴퓨터 공학은 학습자 특성에 맞는 교수설계를 통한 프로그램 개발과 그 효과를 검증한 연구결과들을 기반으로 교육현장에서 활용되어야 함을 논의하였다.

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