언어 접촉 상황에서의 언어 변화와 문법화에 대한 고찰 : 샤바 스와힐리어를 중심으로 = Language change and grammaticalization in contact languages
저자
발행사항
서울 : 韓國外國語大學校 大學院, 2006
학위논문사항
학위논문(석사)-- 韓國外國語大學校 大學院 : 아프리카어문학과 2006. 2
발행연도
2006
작성언어
한국어
주제어
DDC
496.3 판사항(16)
발행국(도시)
서울
형태사항
vi, 121 p. : 삽도 ; 26 cm.
일반주기명
지도교수: 권명식
참고문헌: p. 110-117
소장기관
This study provides an analysis of Shaba Swahili which is spoken in the southeastern area, i.e., Katanga province (formerly Shaba), of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire), with particular reference to language change and grammaticalization. It compares Shaba Swahili with standard Swahili, that is, east African Swahili in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics, and gives and analyzes some examples of grammaticalized linguistic items among other linguistic changes and tries to show what kind of grammaticalization processes are involved in.
Swahili was introduced in Zaire in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At first, its diffusion was carried out by the Arab and Swahili merchants. Thereafter, it was expanded by three major agents: the Belgian administration, the Christian missions, and the mining companies. The interruption of contact with the parent dialect, and the fact that its spread was carried out by non-native speakers, apparently brought about extensive changes in Shaba Swahili phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, semantically, and pragmatically. It was also deeply influenced by the local Bantu languages spoken in Shaba.
When compared to standard Swahili, Shaba Swahili displays a whole range of phonological variations. These variations include: (a) palatalization, (b) devoicing, (c) alveolar-liquid alternations, (d) deaffrication, (e) liquid and glide insertions and other epenthetic rules, (f) deletion, (g) vowel shortening, and (h) Arabic loan phonemes.
Shaba Swahili, like most Bantu languages, has a rich agglutinative morphology. It is a complex system characterized by use of a complex morphology which includes both nominal and verbal elements. Having a very complex noun class system, it's rather more complicated than standard Swahili in some respects.
Of all the changes that have taken place in Shaba Swahili, the syntactic variations had the least impact. In general, Shaba Swahili has kept the basic structures of its parent dialect, but there exist many variations concurrently. It means that the agreement system of Shaba Swahili has not been fixed yet. The alternations observed have mainly affected the prefixes used to express agreement, relativization, passive constructions and time clauses.
Shaba Swahili has also undergone various processes of lexical change: direct transfer/borrowing; semantic deviations which include semantic transfers, semantic shifts and semantic extensions; and coinage.
Some linguistic changes Shaba Swahili has undergone are similar to those of typical pidgin/creole languages, but some are unique to Shaba Swahili, which is due to the sociolinguistic situation peculiar to Shaba Swahili. In some cases, it is clear that the grammatical structure or words were transferred from neighboring languages. In other cases, it seems to have produced grammatical items through internal grammaticalization processes.
There are also cases in which the items were produced through much more complicated procedures. In those cases, it seems, at first sight, that Shaba Swahili has developed those grammatical items by way of language-internal grammaticalization, but, in fact, the process of grammaticalization which had been in progress for a long time in neighboring languages were transferred to Shaba Swahili.
In addition, some items which had already been grammaticalized to a certain extent in standard Swahili follow the same path of grammaticalization in Shaba Swahili or get into the different path from that of standard Swahili.
Shaba Swahili is classified as a pidgin/creole language which has been formed in multilingual context and the study of it makes it possible to make various approaches to grammaticalization theory. Pidgin/creole languages show the dynamic aspects of language change very well, and so it is very important to study them to grammaticalization theory which deals with language change. Especially, linguistic phenomena of Shaba Swahili, one of the very few non-western languages classified as pidgin/creole, provide unique samples of language change that are not easily found in other pidgin/creole languages.
This study attempts to demonstrate that grammaticalization theory is applicable to linguistic changes in contact languages, particularly in the case of Shaba Swahili which is classified as a pidgin/creole language. Although there are other frameworks for explaining language change, this study will help us gain a better understanding of the nature of language change.
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